tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46704809213131560222024-03-13T05:30:33.143-07:00Richard III Society ResearchA blog run by the Richard III Society's Research Committee to share research into the life and times of Richard IIIResearch committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comBlogger27125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-38593675586422082812023-08-23T10:29:00.006-07:002023-08-23T10:36:55.198-07:00Richard Duke of York Revealed<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Surviving images
of Richard duke of York are few in number and generic in their style. So it was
with great delight that I recently came across a previously misidentified image
of him in a manuscript produced for his family. (The manuscript also includes an image of his wife, Cecily, which had been identified in the 1940s but I had been unaware of it).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">University
of Chicago Library’s MS 224 probably originated at Wigmore Abbey, a house
founded and patronised by generations of the duke of York’s Mortimer ancestors. The manuscript looks to
have been put together in the fourteenth century and added to in later
generations both as a record of Mortimer family history and as a means of
justifying their claims to various estates and even to the throne of
England. The manuscript includes a history of Wigmore Abbey, a variation of the
<i>Brut</i> chronicle of British/English kings, royal genealogies and an
annotated heraldic genealogy of the Mortimer family until the male line died
out. Notes have been added to the effect that the heir of the last earl, Edmund Mortimer, was his sister’s son, Richard
(duke of York). The entry for this last earl is unfinished and on the pages following (ff. 61v, 62) earlier text has been
scraped away to begin an entry for Richard duke of York and his wife Cecily –
their arms are sketched in and there is a list of Cecily’s siblings that must
have been written before her brother-in-law, Humphrey Stafford, was made duke
of Buckingham in 1444. But then, for reasons we can only guess, the project was
abandoned.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjglOYDnkLqHAbYvJUnhA4Of_L4aAVt4eACISX-UtvyBGW-i0lnlDVEiWfPdOC7cG0H9oNj0FcRuERL1PiuT-72A_lj-Bvr7SzHmZCkneAj1aMH6u_jMf1n4oml-MZVYEDLeT9uIpX5SjCGgUzNp-G8YLKGB-0_xP0zVawiyGFWMTKY2PFJS58xpepMYw/s1193/first%20image%20of%20York%20arms.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="392" data-original-width="1193" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjglOYDnkLqHAbYvJUnhA4Of_L4aAVt4eACISX-UtvyBGW-i0lnlDVEiWfPdOC7cG0H9oNj0FcRuERL1PiuT-72A_lj-Bvr7SzHmZCkneAj1aMH6u_jMf1n4oml-MZVYEDLeT9uIpX5SjCGgUzNp-G8YLKGB-0_xP0zVawiyGFWMTKY2PFJS58xpepMYw/w400-h131/first%20image%20of%20York%20arms.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><a name="_Hlk143605603" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.2667px;">© </span></a></span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wigmore Abbey chronicle </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">and Brut chronicle. Manuscript, Codex Ms 224, Special Collections Research Center, University </span><a name="_Hlk143605603"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.2667px;">of Chicago Library</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.2667px;"> ff. 61 v & 62.</span></a><p></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk143605603;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Some decades after the list of Cecily’s siblings was written, a new and much more accomplished artist started fresh pages for the house of York, this time with sketches of each family member above their shields (unfortunately the very tops of each head have been worn away). It is among these that the image of Richard duke of York is to be found. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1JWF52oZhsQq1-Y-iTEu8e6uExLfk4PkzFxGrbyb8Kr3z6iRKkDx-H0TwqnbO2Q2enofFErnhn0MNG0gzAzzZ47nZwFf9CTzdcAfcMsy8atmgyxuR8WkCbCr9wpw1buo_tuOVMJqGd_hd19c00wnFNPloXNiNA_bJa_nXXi3nHkRIdOYLAS5Mxq_vMg/s752/York%20in%20Wigmore%20MS.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="752" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1JWF52oZhsQq1-Y-iTEu8e6uExLfk4PkzFxGrbyb8Kr3z6iRKkDx-H0TwqnbO2Q2enofFErnhn0MNG0gzAzzZ47nZwFf9CTzdcAfcMsy8atmgyxuR8WkCbCr9wpw1buo_tuOVMJqGd_hd19c00wnFNPloXNiNA_bJa_nXXi3nHkRIdOYLAS5Mxq_vMg/w400-h215/York%20in%20Wigmore%20MS.png" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk143605603"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.2667px;">©</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wigmore Abbey chronicle </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">and Brut chronicle. Manuscript, Codex Ms 224, Special Collections Research Center, University </span><a name="_Hlk143605603"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.2667px;">of Chicago Library</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.2667px;"> f. 62 v.</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mary Giffin, whose articles on the manuscript are essential reading, thought that the first of these images (above) depicted a crowned king, holding a sceptre, and presumed it was Edward IV since he was using supporters occasionally used by King Edward (Richard II’s white hart and the lion of Mortimer). On the page opposite, Giffin convincingly identified Edward IV’s mother Cecily duchess of York. Yet Giffin also identified Edward IV in a second - much less complete - image, depicted on the page after Cecily (this shield supported by a lion guardant and the bull of Clarence). It is highly unlikely that Edward IV would have been depicted on that first page, facing his mother, because throughout the book husbands and wives appear on facing pages. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimpi-fNtZ2e2XJEnev-qoaZvTy4EYg_vq7PjLGnPpmRdSSQN1I0J5w9xBhRB4xnfEliY-q6qimzXsAsOqCrX6noilJwUNDCKrnTBtUIMXt9bmTGn5YTW4dQNPstJUdcgdGzKvj9FOQI9J7yXc0K09ArrgSLO8uH9ZQft87GB5tYzRrhL3b-vQrO48E8g/s506/Richard%20close%20up%20Chicago.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="460" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimpi-fNtZ2e2XJEnev-qoaZvTy4EYg_vq7PjLGnPpmRdSSQN1I0J5w9xBhRB4xnfEliY-q6qimzXsAsOqCrX6noilJwUNDCKrnTBtUIMXt9bmTGn5YTW4dQNPstJUdcgdGzKvj9FOQI9J7yXc0K09ArrgSLO8uH9ZQft87GB5tYzRrhL3b-vQrO48E8g/s320/Richard%20close%20up%20Chicago.png" width="291" /></a></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span>Detail of above: </span>Richard duke of York</span></div><div style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I would suggest that Giffin had mistaken a staff of office in York’s hand for a sceptre and a coronet for a crown (see above). The figure opposite Cecily looks exceptionally like the sketch of Henry duke of Warwick in the genealogy of the Beauchamp Pageant </span><a href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=cotton_ms_julius_e_iv!3_fs027v" style="font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">(BL MS Cotton Julius E IV/3 see f. 27v)</a><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, who carries a similar staff and wears a coronet. Indeed the similarities between the images in the Beauchamp Pageant and this Mortimer book are so close that it is tempting to speculate a connection between the artists.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUFWPASkUY2PNI6IToU3QrLp2NEKRCvodIaDbDs26nWLwUwlSQP5TBo6r-Mk0vKzw1qGC_nCgzvL3qwdy6mzM-_XfiHjuO1rGwzsuNn_soWBxkIo0drbpxRkbuQCG5PTjUzVILJoIHT911tR18K4eOuPzIpi1q2H9AK1Syoi_1LdzTp0iegZxwUu4NTw/s1048/Edward%20in%20Chicago%20MS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="1048" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUFWPASkUY2PNI6IToU3QrLp2NEKRCvodIaDbDs26nWLwUwlSQP5TBo6r-Mk0vKzw1qGC_nCgzvL3qwdy6mzM-_XfiHjuO1rGwzsuNn_soWBxkIo0drbpxRkbuQCG5PTjUzVILJoIHT911tR18K4eOuPzIpi1q2H9AK1Syoi_1LdzTp0iegZxwUu4NTw/w400-h241/Edward%20in%20Chicago%20MS.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">© </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wigmore Abbey chronicle </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">and Brut chronicle. Manuscript, Codex Ms 224, Special Collections Research Center, University </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 107%;">of Chicago Library</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"> f. 63 v.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The images in this manuscript of Edward IV (above and below) and Richard duke of York are very different from one another – Edward’s face and shoulders are youthfully slim and his hair is at shoulder length. By contrast, York is square-jawed, almost jowly, clearly a man who has reached middle age. It would be reckless to imagine that this was any closer to a portrait than other surviving images of the duke of York, and the images could have been drawn well over a decade after his death. Yet the care taken to present an obviously older man and the more realistically detailed features make it a compelling representation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ1W0C3eAUqQ9QsvLWuo84itjUjOs6RBUYThEhLKEUigw3VdLEFegB6b2ui4SaOne9YVTpFXI6kO26AnCprOJZVM-Re_Z1PZyIMNXPPv5JoqfT478ckYkH_b3GAl6iPljmIt0O_Y51RYzeIyfR-npGN7d5k6fw2CQTzBFLtr9RyEPQWC3m1okdjq3jOg/s407/Ed%20IV%20close%20up.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="407" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ1W0C3eAUqQ9QsvLWuo84itjUjOs6RBUYThEhLKEUigw3VdLEFegB6b2ui4SaOne9YVTpFXI6kO26AnCprOJZVM-Re_Z1PZyIMNXPPv5JoqfT478ckYkH_b3GAl6iPljmIt0O_Y51RYzeIyfR-npGN7d5k6fw2CQTzBFLtr9RyEPQWC3m1okdjq3jOg/s320/Ed%20IV%20close%20up.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Detail of above: Edward IV</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The facing
page image of the duke's wife, Cecily (below), is also an attractiv</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">e addition to the more
familiar images of Cecily that are usually circulated (from her mother’s book
of hours and the Luton guild book). In both of those she is surrounded by women
with almost identical faces and it is unlikely that this is anything like a portrait either. In the present manuscript there are no other
women to enable us to judge whether any distinctiveness was intended. The faces
in the Beauchamp Pageant are all slightly different from one another and in comparison with these we could note the more pointed chin, straighter nose, and
perhaps a more determined or down-turned mouth, but the differences are slight
and probably meaningless since she is almost identical to the Beauchamp Pageant illustration of her sister-in-law, Elizabeth Lady Latimer on f. 27 v. Nonetheless it is always nice to have an extra
resource to draw on in illustrating Cecily’s life and in this one, unlike the
others, she is the central focus of the artist’s attention, not kneeling behind
her mother or daughter-in-law.</span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrrfWjdhsMAd2KBo0T9TnF4HM8JkEOIjzVhAskVn_1B5XTSibP0Fkqe4dDIABv00CajkvCbHJNwQ3gYNti9iTQSifB6hO2WQYgYzBFcKt-xqQUSlKaEUMaLRCxvAGa2n2XS5UCSqWuk1rC5YIEAJgAk_unzfpCqZXZXEayM5ZJ4pFEyL1KAQaRe8wEQ/s402/Cecily%20close%20up%20Chicago.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="393" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtrrfWjdhsMAd2KBo0T9TnF4HM8JkEOIjzVhAskVn_1B5XTSibP0Fkqe4dDIABv00CajkvCbHJNwQ3gYNti9iTQSifB6hO2WQYgYzBFcKt-xqQUSlKaEUMaLRCxvAGa2n2XS5UCSqWuk1rC5YIEAJgAk_unzfpCqZXZXEayM5ZJ4pFEyL1KAQaRe8wEQ/s320/Cecily%20close%20up%20Chicago.png" width="313" /></a></div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">© </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wigmore Abbey chronicle </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">and Brut chronicle. Manuscript, Codex Ms 224, Special Collections Research Center, University </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">of Chicago Library</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> f. 63: Cecily Neville, duchess of York.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The choice
of heraldic supporters is also of interest since neither the duke nor the duchess
used these particular combinations in other surviving images of their arms. It
may be that once York started using the royal arms of England, just months
before his death, he decided to adopt Richard II’s white hart alongside his
Mortimer lion and this is our only evidence of that. This combination was used
by both his eldest son and his wife in later years. Mary Giffin identified
Cecily’s supporters here (below) as eagles but they lack the head tuft that usually distinguishes
eagles from falcons in heraldry. Falcons were of course a favourite badge of
Richard duke of York and his father’s family. We cannot know who decided that
here Cecily should use only a repeated badge of her husband’s family without any
nod to her own lineage, but this fits with the impression I’ve gained elsewhere
that Cecily had scant interest in promoting her own natal connections,
immersing herself completely in her husband’s dynasty. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrwUVziKDE256zIM_7H6Q5ObELTDidz8yzLk5e2mBfbvO37IUuambbNcTf77UYN82Z20J1kNwgZB44UL02HajsLwwK5HFxxeXCTNyrV6m6El3aJjVc5VFyd7MgZGjFeOm6IwpIAq8vig89eQGMuEfaxdYwG5pqPosjVklIY8XissbAN0Wi0YkW17Mpw/s752/Cecily%20in%20Wigmore.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="752" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrwUVziKDE256zIM_7H6Q5ObELTDidz8yzLk5e2mBfbvO37IUuambbNcTf77UYN82Z20J1kNwgZB44UL02HajsLwwK5HFxxeXCTNyrV6m6El3aJjVc5VFyd7MgZGjFeOm6IwpIAq8vig89eQGMuEfaxdYwG5pqPosjVklIY8XissbAN0Wi0YkW17Mpw/w400-h195/Cecily%20in%20Wigmore.png" width="400" /></a></div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">© </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wigmore Abbey chronicle </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">and Brut chronicle. Manuscript, Codex Ms 224, Special Collections Research Center, University </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">of Chicago Library</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> f. 63.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The page
facing Edward IV looks to have been scraped clean(ish) but there is no hint of
a roundel for his wife. This would suggest that these images were most likely inserted
before the autumn of 1464. This could be consistent with production by the
Beauchamp Master since Alexandra Sinclair suggests he was nearing the end of
his career by the time he produced that work in the 1480s. Such a date also
accords with Edward IV’s seemingly youthful appearance. That said, we might
note a scattering of circles sketched beneath Edward, as if judging where to
enter later generations, which could imply a different dating – a project begun
just as Edward IV's son, Edward V, left Ludlow to ascend the throne, only for the manuscript to be abandoned at news
of his deposition. If the artist was the same as the creator of the Beauchamp Pageant, it suggests a particularly sad scenario since the Pageant was probably left unfinished when its most likely dedicatee, Edward of Middleham, died suddenly in 1484.</span></p><o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">************************************************<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I
encountered these images while working on an article about Anne Mortimer’s
legacy to the house of York which was recently published in a collection edited
by <a href="https://logastonpress.co.uk/product/mortimers-of-wigmore-1066-1485-the/" target="_blank">Paul Dryburgh and Philip Hume: <i>The Mortimers of Wigmore 1066-1485 Dynasty
of Destiny </i>(Logaston Press, 2023). </a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p>J.L. Laynesmith</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Giffin, M.E.
‘Cadwalader, Arthur, and Brutus in the Wigmore Manuscript,’ Speculum 16 (1941),
109-20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Giffin, M.E.
‘A Wigmore Manuscript at the University of Chicago,’ National Library of Wales
Journal 7 (1952), 316-25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Given-Wilson,
C., ‘Chronicles of the Mortimer Family c. 1250-1450’, in Richard Eales and
Shaun Tyas eds., <i>Family and Dynasty in Later Medieval England</i> (Shaun
Tyas, 2003), 67-86<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Laynesmith,
J.L., <i>Cecily Duchess of York</i> (Bloomsbury, 2017)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Sinclair, A.
ed., <i>The Beauchamp Pageant</i> (Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, 2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/rlg/ICU.SPCL.MS224.pdf">www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/rlg/ICU.SPCL.MS224.pdf</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/pdf/ewm-0224-03.pdf">www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/pdf/ewm-0224-03.pdf</a></p>Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-71883498665682815012023-04-29T05:55:00.005-07:002023-05-01T05:11:02.493-07:00A Coronation Quiche for Richard III and his Queen Consort Anne?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">King Charles and Queen Camilla’s Coronation Quiche has been
making headlines – as it happens, one of the dishes at Richard III and Anne’s
coronation was probably somewhat similar, beneath its elaborate decoration.</span></div><p>
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_AAU-i33ojyBJM_SiG3hssx-m7BN1n3Zs8BqQQMAbN6GthRrShNFWpGzc7b6ptlBhu-1J8pzphRUbLSAZZDtZY9TauEcKDY8stGWvt_g7RjyX3XRvVYcssYPc-F29o8PV8WcOYcArek2ihqF5SRZfB426g9NNhlV3tbyRfpiMufHkGx-080oX7vA/s987/Royal%2020%20D%20IV%20%20f.%201%20%20Arthur,%20Lancelot,%20and%20Guinevere.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="987" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_AAU-i33ojyBJM_SiG3hssx-m7BN1n3Zs8BqQQMAbN6GthRrShNFWpGzc7b6ptlBhu-1J8pzphRUbLSAZZDtZY9TauEcKDY8stGWvt_g7RjyX3XRvVYcssYPc-F29o8PV8WcOYcArek2ihqF5SRZfB426g9NNhlV3tbyRfpiMufHkGx-080oX7vA/s320/Royal%2020%20D%20IV%20%20f.%201%20%20Arthur,%20Lancelot,%20and%20Guinevere.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">BL MS Royal 20 D IV pt 2 f. 1 (early 14th century)</span></div><p class="MsoNormal">The list of dishes assembled for Richard and Anne's coronation feast survives in a manuscript that was created for Henry VIII’s
household. It can now be found in the British Library (Additional Manuscript
45,716A ff. 71-8). When Anne Sutton and Peter Hammond published the extensive surviving
records for this coronation in 1983 they included the details of
this feast.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/4e78564ace31a171/Documents/1%20Ricardian/Blog%20posts/Food%20for%20the%20Coronation%20of%20Richard%20III%20and%20his%20Queen%20Consort%20Anne.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The coronation banquet, at 4pm on Sunday 6<sup>th</sup> July
1483, was the culmination of three days of ritual. On the previous two days the
food had been dominated by fish dishes <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-
the first because it was a Friday, and the second because it was the vigil of
the Coronation. So, on arriving at the Tower on the Friday, Richard and Anne’s two
course meal had included pike soup, tench cooked in broth, plaice, crab,
conger, salmon, sole, perch, bass, roach, trout, crayfish and even roast porpoise,
as well as a pottage of soft rice and prunes in orange. Dinner the next day
included many of the same fish as well as fried marlin, whelks, gudgeon in parsley, and baked quinces. Saturday’s supper at Westminster Palace may have been more sumptuous. It began with ‘Mamorry riall’. Mamorry (or malmeny) was usually made of
chicken, but presumably on this occasion it was fish, in spiced wine. What made
it ‘riall’ (royal) is unclear, but it was perhaps the expense of the spices. The second course for this meal included
more sweet dishes such as date compote and sweet custard tarts called doucettes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On the Coronation Day the king and queen were expected to fast until
after the rituals of the Coronation were complete. The banquet was then held in
Westminster Hall and there were probably some 3,000 guests expected. After a herald
had ‘proclaimed the feast’ the first course began with a couple of pottage-type
dishes (venison frumenty and Tuscany broth), followed by‘Mamory riall’ (chicken in spiced wine) and ‘Viand
comford riall’ which was minced meat, spiced, pressed, boiled and served in
slices. After these smaller dishes, the more substantial meats arrived – beef,
mutton, pheasant served with its tail feathers attached, roast crane, roast cygnet,
fattened capons with lemons, and so on, and on.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The final dish of this course, as with every course of the Coronation banquet, was a subtlety,
an elaborate confection that was probably made of sugar paste or marzipan,
gilded and painted. These were always fashioned with political or religious
messages. Unfortunately no description of the subtleties at Richard and Anne’s
coronation survives. Henry V’s depicted his emblems of swans, an antelope and
an eagle, each with chivalrous mottoes beneath them. His queen’s all related to
her name saint, Katherine, and wove together the saint’s story with Katherine
of Valois’s own. Henry VI’s celebrated his dual English and French descent.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The second course at Richard and Anne’s feast opened with a
multi-coloured jelly that was also decorated ‘with a devise’ and this course included
peacock cooked and replaced in its feathers, roe deer turned inside out and a
range of roast fowl, as well as fritters flavoured with rose and jasmine. Despite
the four o’ clock start, darkness had fallen before the final course could be
served. In an age when the leftovers of noblemen and women’s tables were routinely passed immediately to the poor and needy, this was probably no bad thing. That course was to have included roast quails and egrets, baked oranges and ‘Rosettes florished’ which were perhaps sugar roses, painted or garnished with gold leaf. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The ‘coronation quiche’ at Richard III and Anne’s banquet
was the penultimate dish of the first course. Immediately before the subtlety,
the king was presented with a ‘Custard Edward planted’. Custards, or croustardes,
seem to have originated as any open topped tart in a pastry crust, but by the
fifteenth-century they pretty much always included eggs in a custard-like form similar to that in quiches. One mid-fifteenth-century recipe for a custard that has been
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126388.html">digitised by the
British library</a> provides instructions for straining together cream, eggs
and parsley and pouring into a pastry case containing marrow, dates and prunes.
Just like the coronation quiche, a dairy-free alternative is offered in the
recipe book – ‘if it is in Lent, take cream of almonds and leave out the egg
and the marrow’. This custard would have been quite sweet, arguably more like a modern custard tart, but most recipes were more savoury. <a href="http://www.godecookery.com/mtrans/mtrans25.htm">Another British Library manuscript</a> has a recipe in which milk was used instead of cream, this
time with chicken and spices including saffron. Custards didn’t always include
milk or cream - the eggs could be mixed with meat broth instead. One version of
that included hyssop and summer savory with veal.<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/4e78564ace31a171/Documents/1%20Ricardian/Blog%20posts/Food%20for%20the%20Coronation%20of%20Richard%20III%20and%20his%20Queen%20Consort%20Anne.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></a> <a href="http://www.godecookery.com/mtrans/mtrans26.htm">On occasion almond milk
was used</a> for custards even when eggs and meat were still included.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So what was a ‘Custard Edward planted’? ‘Planted’ simply
meant decorated. <a href="https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/sponsler-lydgate-mummings-and-entertainments-soteltes-at-the-coronation-banquet-of-henry-vi">Henry
VI’s coronation feast</a> had included a ‘Custade Rooial with a leparde of
golde sittyng theryn’. 300 leaves of pure gold had been purchased for decorating
the food at Richard III and Anne’s feast, as well as leaves of ‘partie gold’
(ie mixed with a cheaper ingredient), so some may have been used on this ‘Custard
Edward’. It is likely that the Edward in question was Edward the Confessor, a popular
figure in late medieval royal pageants who also featured on the first subtlety
for Henry VI’s coronation banquet. This doesn’t necessarily mean that there was
a 3D figure of the sainted king on this custard. Perhaps the dish had simply
been given his name as an appropriate coronation dish since so much of the
coronation regalia was also associated with him, or it may have been decorated
with the coat of arms that more recent heralds had invented for him. We can’t be certain that it was a savoury dish, but most custards were, and the penultimate dish of the next course certainly was - it was a venison bake.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While everyone got to admire the ‘Custard Edward planted’ as
it was brought through the hall, it was only those sat at the king’s table
who got to eat it. A second menu ‘For the lords and the ladies in the hall the
same day at dinner’ listed just two courses. Again each ended with a subtlety
and the penultimate dish of the first course was a ‘Custard riall’. Meanwhile,
all the rest of the guests had only one course. Like the king’s it began with
venison frumenty (but not the other small dishes), this was followed by beef,
mutton, roast capon, a jelly and, finally, yet again, ‘custard’.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There can be little doubt that the ‘Custard Edward planted’
at Richard III and Anne’s coronation banquet would have looked rather more
splendid than most of the quiches at next weekend’s coronation Big Lunch will
do. But the dish that the ordinary guests finished with was likely very similar
and all were probably a savoury, egg-based dish in a pastry case. Many of the
recent reports about the Coronation Quiche have described it as a dish with
German origins, yet the original quiche Lorraine was cooked in bread dough, not
pastry. The name may indeed be German, but the dish itself would look pretty
familiar to the guests at an English medieval Coronation ‘Big Lunch’ too.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">J.L. Laynesmith</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/4e78564ace31a171/Documents/1%20Ricardian/Blog%20posts/Food%20for%20the%20Coronation%20of%20Richard%20III%20and%20his%20Queen%20Consort%20Anne.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Anne F. Sutton and P.W.
Hammond eds., <i>The Coronation of Richard III. The Extant Documents</i>, (Alan
Sutton, 1983)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/4e78564ace31a171/Documents/1%20Ricardian/Blog%20posts/Food%20for%20the%20Coronation%20of%20Richard%20III%20and%20his%20Queen%20Consort%20Anne.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>Two Fifteenth-Century
Cookery-Books</i>, EETS os 91 (1888), 74.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div><br /><p></p>Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-2950691993371944642021-02-23T09:20:00.001-08:002021-02-23T09:20:21.147-08:00"Lockdown" Sale of Titles from the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-MCcMels8hX4/YDU45DvnDuI/AAAAAAAAAMk/FuArF2mVpuQCdQx8T4VrVLd2RkFYl7BmgCNcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="699" data-original-width="939" height="476" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-MCcMels8hX4/YDU45DvnDuI/AAAAAAAAAMk/FuArF2mVpuQCdQx8T4VrVLd2RkFYl7BmgCNcBGAsYHQ/w640-h476/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-CDt-VR4bEK0/YDU5GM0NFKI/AAAAAAAAAMo/w4CqTYqzKZ4fjhDxrvo1qUqmUDsjhi4FQCNcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="929" height="344" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-CDt-VR4bEK0/YDU5GM0NFKI/AAAAAAAAAMo/w4CqTYqzKZ4fjhDxrvo1qUqmUDsjhi4FQCNcBGAsYHQ/w640-h344/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><p></p>Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-78357807151550372872021-02-11T04:00:00.004-08:002022-06-07T03:17:05.078-07:00Miles Forest and the Fate of the Missing Princes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-lF2gTWV4ZdU/YCUa5MfXI3I/AAAAAAAAAME/nhsyZf-6DX0ZwwdwfVMR-BYosKSlvDW7gCNcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="663" height="320" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-lF2gTWV4ZdU/YCUa5MfXI3I/AAAAAAAAAME/nhsyZf-6DX0ZwwdwfVMR-BYosKSlvDW7gCNcBGAsYHQ/w287-h320/image.png" width="287" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal">Five hundred years after Edward V and his brother, Richard
duke of York, disappeared, their fate is once again headline news. What do the
latest revelations really add to what we already know?</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Professor Tim Thornton of the University of Huddersfield has
been examining the connections of Sir Thomas More, creator of the most famous
account of the deaths of the princes in the Tower. He has uncovered hitherto
unrecognised links between More and the sons of one of the men accused of the
murder: Miles Forest. According to Thomas More’s story, Forest was one of those
charged by Richard III to look after the princes. When Richard decided he
needed the boys dead, his servant, Sir James Tyrell, recruited Forest and his
own horse-keeper, John Dighton, to assist him in smothering the boys in their
beds.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thornton’s new evidence indicates that Thomas More
encountered Forest’s sons, Edward and Miles, in the course of conducting royal
business. Consequently, Thornton speculates that it was these two men who had
told More the truth about the princes’ fate. More himself described his source
only as ‘them that much knew and litle cause had to lye’. The sons of a
murderer might perhaps fit that description, he suggests.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But does this evidence justify the conclusion that Richard
had ordered the murder of the princes? A deeper look at the evidence would seem to
suggest otherwise. Back in 1879 James Gairdner identified Miles Forest as the keeper of the wardrobe at Richard's home of Barnard Castle. According to More, after committing the murder, Forest had ‘at
sainct Marten pecemele rotted away’. He gives no date for this, but we know that his widow, Joan, was
granted an annuity on 9 September 1484, so Forest clearly died sometime before Richard. Why would a man who had conducted such
an important task for the king find himself resourceless in the sanctuary at St
Martin’s just months later? It is hard to fathom. No sanctuary register survives so we only have More's word that Forest died in these circumstances. Because More is vague about the date most readers would assume that it was under a Tudor king that Forest died: the idea of Forest 'rotting' in sanctuary during Henry VII's reign because he was a murderer makes some sense. Knowing as we do that Forest really died in Richard's reign, the story is less credible.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If Forest really did die in sanctuary, it might be reasonable to ask why the king felt obliged to give his widow an annuity. It
was actually a commonplace of good kingship that if a woman was unfortunate enough to
find herself the widow of a felon then she was deserving of charity and should
not be made to suffer for her husband’s sins. But we must remember, there is no evidence outside More's story that Forest died in disgrace. The annuity is more likely simply a recognition of Forest's good service at Barnard Castle and indeed Joan's in supporting him.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Forest’s death in 1484 must also
have meant that his own boys were far too young for him to have told them of
his crime himself. Would their mother have told them? I am well aware of the strong bonds and influence to be found between widowed mothers and their sons, and of mothers' important role in passing on family history, having written so much on Richard III's own mother. But I am not convinced any mother would choose to burden her children with the knowledge that their father had committed the crime of the century. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Another credibility issue with Thornton's thesis lies in the idea that the Forest brothers would have chosen to reveal this terrible family secret to a man they occasionally met through their work. Henry VIII was reputedly devoted to his mother - what might befall the family of a man known to have murdered her brother? Given that Edward Forest was one of Henry VIII's Grooms of the Chamber and the younger Miles was in Cardinal Wolsey's employ, it would have been a wildly risky step to make.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And what of the other alleged murderers? More claimed that
Tyrell and Dighton were both examined and confessed to the murder during Henry
VII’s reign. Tyrell was executed but Dighton ‘yet walketh on a live’. Again
More’s story is hard to credit here. Dighton confessed to such a murder but was
simply allowed to walk free? Unfortunately it is impossible to trace Dighton
for certain in other records, but clearly at the time More first drafted his
work he had in mind someone he knew was still alive and at liberty.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tyrell was indeed executed in Henry VII’s reign and, as
Thornton notes, More was not the first to accuse him of killing the princes.
Yet we have no record that any public statement was made of his guilt at the
time of his execution which was for an unrelated charge of treason. His alleged confession does not itself survive.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Time and again in More’s work, we find scraps of truth woven
together with plausible names, details no one could have recalled and
entertaining direct speech. This makes for a vivid picture but frequently
contradicts contemporary evidence (for instance in the controversy around Edward IV's wedding). What we know of More’s work must prompt the
question: Was More really reporting what the Forest boys had told him, or was
it just that his acquaintance with them had caused him to learn that their
father had been a servant of Richard’s which made Miles Forest a convenient name in More's story. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The fate of the princes is one of the most tantalising gaps
in our knowledge of the past. At first sight, More’s novel-like explanation
offers an attractively detailed picture to plug that gap. Little wonder so many
are eager to believe it. Unfortunately, there are just too many elements that
strain credulity or do not fit with what else is known. More's saintly reputation (hair shirt and all) has inevitably made generations of historians unwilling to imagine he was deliberately peddling falsehoods - but that is to assume More expected his readers to receive his work as soberly factual history. Since he never finished the work we cannot be sure what his intentions were, but anyone who has read his famous <i>Utopia</i> will be aware that More enjoyed using fiction under a veneer of plausible facts to explore political ideas.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Thomas More’s connections with
the Forest boys are certainly worth adding to our investigation of all
available evidence, but as yet they provide no new lead on the fate of the
missing princes.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>Image: </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>British Library Royal 16 II f. 73 The Tower of London</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sources:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #741b47;"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1468-229X.13100">Tim Thornton, “More on a Murder: The Deaths of the
‘Princes in the Tower’, and Historiographical Implications for the Regimes of
Henry VII and Henry VIII”, <i>History</i>, 2020</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>The Complete Works of St Thomas More</i>, ed. Richard S.
Sylvester (Yale University Press, 1963) vol. 2. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #741b47;"><a href="http://ricardianresources.online/downloads/Vol_2_pp1-230.pdf">http://ricardianresources.online/downloads/Vol_2_pp1-230.pdf</a>
p. 160</span><o:p></o:p></p><p></p>Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-85354875379649020132021-01-04T04:25:00.000-08:002021-01-04T04:25:39.506-08:00Richard III’s Lavish Christmas?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wTYzsBwcd7Q/X_MHA9VAq2I/AAAAAAAAALg/8VA-Y9f0RWkLDUv_fNkT--3qWVKKMFbfACNcBGAsYHQ/s538/BL%2BAdd%2BMS%2B54782%2Bf%2B42.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="388" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wTYzsBwcd7Q/X_MHA9VAq2I/AAAAAAAAALg/8VA-Y9f0RWkLDUv_fNkT--3qWVKKMFbfACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/BL%2BAdd%2BMS%2B54782%2Bf%2B42.png" /></a></div><p>Shortly before Christmas, <i>The Telegraph</i> published an <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/12/18/richard-iii-not-pantomime-villain-gave-generously-christmas/">article</a>
on Richard III’s Christmas gifts. It mentioned that Richard ordered his
Exchequer to pay £100 in ready money to the grooms and pages of his chamber at
Christmas 1483. This is almost £70,000 in today’s money. Moreover, in the new
year Richard settled a bill with a London goldsmith for Christmas gifts and
other jewels worth the equivalent of £500,000 today. The article speculated
that Richard’s lavish generosity was an attempt to secure the loyalty of the
court after the recent rebellion against his rule. Nonetheless, the headline
was an unusually positive one for Richard: “Not so much winter discontent in
court of generous Richard III”.</p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Research currently being undertaken for the Society, thanks
to a bequest from Pauline Stevenson, sheds significantly more light on this.
The source for this expenditure is a collection of documents at The National
Archives. Indeed, the <i>Telegraph</i>’s article was prompted by a Tweet about
them from TNA. The documents in question are known as Warrants for Issues.
Scholars have been using them for decades but hitherto they have not been
published, other than a few details in the <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jYpUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA416&lpg=PA416&dq=E404+warrants+for+issues&source=bl&ots=-7BoAuulwQ&sig=ACfU3U20PRSdPXe836yZd0zYWqoZj4VMnQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV15HP6__tAhVIeMAKHUy3AgMQ6AEwBnoECAoQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false">List
and Index of Warrants for Issues</a>. The Society has begun creating detailed
calendars of these documents, starting with the period 1480-85. The plan is eventually
to include all of Edward IV’s reign as well. From the work done so far, it is
clear that there was nothing exceptional in Richard’s payment to his grooms and
pages. His goldsmith’s bill, however, may have been unusually high.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On 10 December 1481, a warrant for Edward IV’s exchequer
noted <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“it has been accustomed
that the king’s servants, the grooms and pages of the king’s chamber, should
have yearly of the king’s gift and reward against the feast of Christmas the
sum of £100 in money”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E 404/77/2/39). On 13 November 1482
the same wording was used in another payment to the grooms and pages (E
404/77/2/54). So Richard III was merely following accepted practice when he paid
his grooms and pages £100.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According to
the </span><a href="https://archive.org/details/collectionofordi00soci/page/40/mode/2up"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Black Book of Edward IV’s Household</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, there should be ten grooms and four
pages of the king’s chamber. Like other grooms and pages of the household, they
were provided with lodging, food and clothing as part of their job. They were
also given a quarterly allowance. Pages received 20d and grooms either 40d or
6s 8d, depending on how much clothing they received. The Black Book notes that,
besides this quarterly income that was provided by the counting house, they
should also receive “the great reward given yearly from the King’s privy
coffers to the grooms and pages of his chamber”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/2021%20Spring/Blog%20on%20Christmas%20spending.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This Christmas bonus, it seems, was essentially part of their regular income
but it clearly made the grooms and pages of the king’s chamber far better paid
than those elsewhere in the household. It is likely that the grooms’ individual
share of the £100 was greater than the pages’, probably £8 6s 8d for the grooms
and half that for the pages. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According
to the National Archives’ <a href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/">Currency
Converter</a>, the modern equivalent of the grooms’ bonus would be £5,760. It
was twelve times as much as they received from the counting house in the course
of the rest of the year. It was certainly a generous gift but its only
political significance in 1483 is that it demonstrates Richard III following
his brother’s policies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The payment to a London goldsmith might be more interesting.
On 22 January 1484 instructions were sent to pay Edmund Shawe, goldsmith, “the
sum <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">of £764 17s 6d as
well for certain plate by him ordained for the king’s year’s gifts against
Christmas last past, and for other jewels by him ordained and delivered to the
king’s own hands” (E 404/78/2/28). Edmund Shawe was of course mayor of London the
previous summer, during Richard’s accesson, and it was his brother, Ralph, who
had preached the famous sermon declaring that Edward IV’s sons were bastards.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Edmund
Shawe had been engraver of the royal mint from 1462-82 and loaned Edward IV
money on occasion. According to BL MS Harley 433 (digitised by the Society <a href="http://ricardianresources.online/1_harleian433.php">here</a>), Shawe also
lent Richard III 400 marks early in his reign, and Richard had spent £134 on New
Year gifts purchased from Shawe in December 1482. <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7nBZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Edmund+Shaa+goldsmith+1483+4+pots+silver&source=bl&ots=0YTJwQnm_h&sig=ACfU3U1RcoMi4QRXIhXzszJuNcPRmC9jTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS--Dxi4LuAhUKTcAKHdhgDRsQ6AEwDnoECBIQAg#v=onepage&q=Edmund%20Shaa%20goldsmith%201483%204%20pots%20silver&f=false">John
Stow</a> recorded that in December 1483 Richard sold some of his own silver and
gilt plate to Shawe for just over £550. This was perhaps to acquire some of the
funds necessary for a lavish Christmas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Unfortunately
it is impossible to know how much of the £764 spent by Richard in 1483/4 was
for Christmas gifts and what was for jewels for the king himself (and perhaps
his queen). This makes it difficult to judge how unusual it was. It may just
possibly be significant that Richard arranged for the Receiver of Fee Farms to
pay £431 10s 10d out of the total owed to Shawe (according to BL Harley 433). It
could be that this was the amount actually spent on Christmas gifts, in which
case it would again appear to reflect standard practice. Two years previously,
in February 1482, Edward IV had paid £464 17s 3d to John Shawe (nephew to
Edmund and Ralph) for ‘year’s gifts’ that included a gold cup costing more than
£45, a gold cross set with diamonds, and four diamond rings </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">E 404/77/2/54).<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In
conclusion, it could be that Richard III’s gift giving at Christmas 1483 was more
generous than his brother’s had been, but at present we simply cannot say. Both
kings were lavish in their gift giving as befitted the medieval concept of a good
prince.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">J. L. Laynesmith</span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br /></div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><a href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=39127" target="_blank">Image: Hastings Hours BL Add MS 54782 f. 42v</a><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/2021%20Spring/Blog%20on%20Christmas%20spending.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Black Book was probably in part
an ideal rather than a wholly accurate reflection of practice, so it is
impossible at present to be sure whether the £100 was originally a gift that
came from the privy purse which Edward IV later started taking directly from
the Exchequer. It may be that the compiler of the Black Book simply thought it
ought to come from the privy purse.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-66504596938196944622020-08-28T09:16:00.003-07:002020-08-28T09:16:36.773-07:00The Annulment of Cecily Plantagenet’s Marriage to Ralph Scrope<p>By Marie Barnfield </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--xSauUjHPBo/X0ksgi72A7I/AAAAAAAAAKg/awc5o21-Tr4wn5FX46iIZd1Px0xRnKeeACNcBGAsYHQ/s1075/Royal%2B14%2BE%2Bi%2Bf%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="1075" height="256" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--xSauUjHPBo/X0ksgi72A7I/AAAAAAAAAKg/awc5o21-Tr4wn5FX46iIZd1Px0xRnKeeACNcBGAsYHQ/w320-h256/Royal%2B14%2BE%2Bi%2Bf%2B3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>(<a href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=5587&CollID=16&NStart=140501" target="_blank">BL MS Royal 14 E I</a> f. 3) <p></p><p><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Introduction</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">It
has been thought for well over four decades now, thanks to a footnote in R. H.
Helmholz’s </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Marriage Litigation in Medieval England</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> that in 1486 Richard’s
niece Cecily Plantagenet obtained an annulment from an otherwise-unrecorded
marriage to Ralph Scrope, the second of the three younger brothers of Thomas, 6</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">
Lord Scrope of Upsall and Masham. Helmholz’s footnote merely quotes a reference
in one of the Act Books of the Consistory Court of York to a suit by ‘Preclara
ac </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-transform: uppercase;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">obilis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-transform: uppercase;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">omina domina Cecilia Plantaginet
contra Radulphum Scrope de Upsall’ (</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">the most illustrious and noble lady,
Lady Cecily Plantagenet, against Ralph Scrope of Upsall</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">),</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> as an example of individuals
of noble birth being clearly identified as such in the ecclesiastical court
records; he </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">provides no discussion or
explanation of the case in question other than dating it to 1486. This suit has,
nonetheless, been assumed to have been an application for an annulment of
marriage.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Marriage
to Ralph Scrope<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">It is unfortunate that the very
brief notes relating to the case in the Consistory Court Act Book are incompletely
legible<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> and there are no surviving
cause papers to flesh them out, but it does nonetheless seem reasonable to
assume that this was, like the majority of cases brought by women to the church
courts, an appeal for either the recognition or the annulment of a marriage; this
also ties in fairly well with Polydore Vergil’s claim that King Richard had
married ‘Cecily, Edward’s other daughter, to some unworthy no-account.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Ralph was not exactly a no-account,
but his eventual inheritance of the family lands and title could not at that
time have been foreseen.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Since
the court to which Cecily made her suit was that of the diocese of York, this
may be assumed to be the diocese in which the wedding had occurred, in which
case it can perhaps be tentatively dated to the few months between Queen Anne
Neville’s death and the Battle of Bosworth, during which Cecily would have been
resident at Sheriff Hutton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Given Cecily’s status by the summer
of 1486 – as the Queen’s senior sister and (once more) a legitimate princess –
and that by the end of 1487 she was married to Henry VII’s uncle, John, Viscount
Welles, annulment of the Scrope marriage does indeed seem by far the most
likely subject of her suit, and for the purposes of the remainder of this
article this is assumed to have been the case. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The
Court Case</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The process of pursuing a case in
the Consistory Curt of York was, briefly, as follows. Both parties would
normally appoint proctors, who would appear in their stead wherever possible.
The plaintiff (<i>actor</i>) would initiate proceedings by entering a complaint
and asking the judge to cite the defendant (<i>pars rea</i>). Where a proctor
was being employed the complaint would be made in writing, in which case it was
known as a libel. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The judge would
respond to the libel by summoning the defendant to appear at an assigned day
and place. Both parties were expected to appear in court on the assigned day,
either in person or by proctor. ‘The first absence might be overlooked and only
lead to another day being appointed, but three absences and the judge would
oblige, the absentee was declared contumacious and was usually suspended: that
is, prevented from attending church services.’<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">There
are two brief notes on Cecily Plantagenet’s case in the relevant Act Book.
These are not dated but appear, from their context, to place the hearings in or
around July of 1486. They record that the actor (i.e. Cecily) was, like several
of the other plaintiffs, represented by a proctor named Latomer (probably
Master Richard Latomer who in 1473 had been paid to write down the testimonies
of persons offering at the statue of Henry VI in York Minster and whose servant
William Waux is mentioned in a Minster visitation of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1495<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>). On the first occasion,
the defendant (Ralph Scrope) failed to appear although the court waited a long
time for him, and a second date was set at which three witnesses were to be
produced.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A third hearing is then
referred to, at which Ralph may again have failed to appear but the names of the
three witnesses were given to the court. Four names actually follow, all so
carelessly scribbled that the interpretation of them offered here cannot be
regarded as definitive. The first name would appear to read (in translation)
Sir Ralph Evers of Graystoke, and the second, W. Greystoke esquire. The third
and fourth names are exceedingly similar to each other and probably represent a
single individual since the witnesses were said to number only three; these two
names appear to read Thomas Pol gentleman, and Thomas Poke gentleman.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This is the final piece of
information on the case.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The
grounds on which Cecily might have sought such an annulment are few. There were
only a limited number of diriment, or nullifying, impediments to marriage and,
of these, impediments of relationship or want of consent are the only ones
likely to apply. The witnesses may provide some clue as to which of these impediments
Cecily may have been claiming. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The
Witnesses<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">William
Greystoke Esquire was probably the elderly Lord Greystoke’s brother of that
name, as he, unlike Greystoke’s other brothers, is shown as still living at the
time of the heraldic visitation of Yorkshire that, from internal evidence,
appears to have been conducted shortly after Bosworth.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Greystoke was Ralph
Scrope’s great-uncle, whilst Cecily Plantagenet was Greystoke’s first cousin
once removed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Ralph Evers known to
have been active in 1486 was a young man, one of the two sons of Sir William
Evers (d. 1545) and a grandson of Sir Ralph Evers (d. 1461) by Elizabeth
Greystoke. He was Ralph Scrope’s second cousin, Cecily’s second cousin once
removed and the great-nephew of his fellow witness William Greystoke. Thomas
Pol, gentleman, may be the ‘Thomas Pole, gentleman,’ to whom in March 1485 Lord
Greystoke had enfeoffed his manor of Grimethorpe and other West Riding
properties<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Grounds for Annulment<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The reason that Greystoke and Evers were both related
to Ralph and to Cecily was that all four were direct descendants of Joan
Beaufort. Ralph and Cecily’s relationship to each other, via Joan Beaufort’s
two marriages, lay within the forbidden degrees of consanguinity, a fact that
has already been noted by Douglas Richardson.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The following tree shows the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup>
degree consanguinity between Cecily and Ralph, and also the position of the suggested
Greystoke and Evers witnesses on the same family tree:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><img alt="" 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" style="text-align: left;" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">This
is the only relationship that Cecily and Ralph shared within the forbidden
degrees. It cannot be proved that the couple had not obtained a dispensation
from its effects prior to marriage, but no such dispensation appears in any of the
published papal registers;<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> neither was any copy of
such a dispensation <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>entered into the
register of Thomas Rotherham, Archbishop of York.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 1.1pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">It
seems most likely that lack of a dispensation from the effects of this
relationship was the grounds on which Cecily successfully sought an annulment
from her marriage to Ralph Scrope; it was not a close relationship and was only
in the half-blood, so had Cecily wished to remain married to Ralph she could
probably have obtained a retrospective dispensation from Rome quite easily,
provided she was in a position to make such an appeal. Ralph perhaps did wish
to remain as Cecily’s husband given his failure to heed the court summons. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> (Cambridge,
1974), p. 160, n. 89.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Borthwick
Cons AB 4, f. 83r (not f. 88r as given in Helmholz).<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This
unfortunately seems to be normal for the period: ‘The records of the Church
courts . . . had become messy and hurried scrawls. Many of the entries are
quite illegible.’ (Helmholz, <i>op. cit</i>., p. 11)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anglica Historia</i>, 1555 edition, trans.
Dana F. Sutton, Chapter 25, the Philological Museum website (<a href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/polverg/">http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/polverg/</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>What
Are the Cause Papers?</i> research guide of the Borthwick Institute for
Archives <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/borthwick/holdings/guides/research-guides/what-are-causepapers/#procedure">https://www.york.ac.uk/borthwick/holdings/guides/research-guides/what-are-causepapers/#procedure</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>The
Fabric Rolls of York Minster</i>, Surtees Soc. Vol. 35 (Durham, 1859), pp. 82,
262.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Borthwick Cons AB 4, f. 83r.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Borthwick Cons AB 4, f. 84r.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>Visitations
of the North: Part III: A Visitation of the North of England, c. 1480-1500</i>
(Surtees vol 144, 1930), pp. 139-140.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
C. T. Clay (ed.), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Yorkshire Deeds</i>,<i>
</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">vol. VIII, Cambridge, 1940, p.71.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="http://fmg.ac/phocadownload/userupload/foundations1/issue3/175Cecily.pdf"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">http://fmg.ac/phocadownload/userupload/foundations1/issue3/175Cecily.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
J. A. Twemlow (ed.), <i>Calendar of Papal Register Relating to Great Britain
and Ireland</i>, vol 14, 1484-92, HMSO, 1960; P. D. Clarke & P. N. R.
Zutshi (eds.), <i>Supplications from England and Wales in the Registers of the
Apostolic Penitentiary</i>, 1410-1503, vol. II, 1464-1492, Canterbury &
York, 2015.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Cecily%20Plantagenet%20and%20Ralph%20Scrope%20Annulment%20for%20Blog%20(1).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Borthwick Abp Reg 23 & 24.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-74920079620529655912020-07-13T09:15:00.000-07:002020-07-13T09:15:02.518-07:00Katherine Williamson and the Farnells of Newsholme<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZA2xdlMFH3U/XwyIBbAUKBI/AAAAAAAAAKA/wzQNCqlNNp0gxsKNQVJJuTMcx-5sny-KACNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Justice%2Benthroned%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="581" height="290" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZA2xdlMFH3U/XwyIBbAUKBI/AAAAAAAAAKA/wzQNCqlNNp0gxsKNQVJJuTMcx-5sny-KACNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Justice%2Benthroned%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=7246&CollID=16&NStart=150403" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Justice enthroned from BL Royal 15 DIII f. 299</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some Society members may have come
across the name of Richard Williamson whose widow Katherine petitioned
Parliament for redress against his killers. More of this story has now been
pieced together from the records of the court of King’s Bench.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Williamsons lived in the East
Riding market town of Howden; Richard Williamson’s alleged murderers all
belonged to the little village of Newsholme two miles further north-east. Beyond
Newsholme, the main road crossed the River Derwent by the Barmby ferry before
continuing northward, through Hemingbrough and the hamlets of Barlby and Riccall,
towards York. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On Thursday 1 October 1472 Richard
Williamson was riding back home from Riccall. What his errand there had been we
are not told, but he may have had connections there since towards the end of
Edward IV’s first reign he had got himself into trouble by entering a close at
Riccall belonging to Henry Babthorpe from which he had picked up goods to the
value of 5 marks (£3 6s 8d); when Babthorpe’s servant had attempted to stop
him, Williamson had fought back with such force that the man had been left
unable to work for some time. Williamson’s motivation for this trespass is
unknown.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On the present occasion too,
Williamson was well equipped for possible trouble, being armed with a sword and
buckler (small shield) as well as a bow and a dozen arrows. All went well until
he reached Barmby. As he was waiting for the ferry, the three Farnell brothers Robert,
Richard and John, ‘<i>defensibly arrayed, that is to say, with jakkes and
salettes, and with force and armes, that is to say, with bowes, arrowes,
swerdes and speres, . . . lay in a wayte to slee and murther the said Richard
Williamson, and uppon hym then and there made a grete assaute and affraye, and
hym there horribly smote with a spere, that he fell beside his hors to the
grounde; and then the said mysdoers havyng noo mercy ne pite of hym, with their
swordes smote of booth the handes of the same Richard Williamson, and oon of
his armes above the elbowe, and hym houghsynued [i.e. hamstrung], and hym so
dedely woonded and lefte hym there for dede</i>’: though not before<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>having robbed him of all his weapons. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Whilst Richard Williamson was dying of
his wounds, the Farnell brothers returned home ‘<i>and roode to the said Thomas
their fader . . . ; and the said Thomas, knowyng all his said sonnes the
forseid felonyez and murdres and robberies in fourme aforeseid to have doon,
all theym and every of theym atte toune of Newsom aforesaid, the same day and
dyvers tymes after, felonsly recetted and conforted</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is unfortunate that we have – as is
usual – no hint in the indictment of either motive or evidence. Whether the killing
was the by-product of highway robbery or the simple result of a squabble over
places on the ferry, we have no way of knowing; nor do we know why Katherine
Williamson believed the Farnell brothers to be responsible. So far as is yet
known, they had never previously been accused of any crime; on the contrary,
Thomas Farnell had been the plaintiff in several cases of debt prosecuted that
year in the court of Common Pleas.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After his sons arrived home, Thomas
allegedly decided that they should all four protect themselves by entering the
service of the (as yet unwitting) Duke of Gloucester, whose nearest seat was
Pontefract Castle, 25 miles west of Howden. Parliament was due to open at
Westminster on 6 October, but <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Richard
was running late, and was possibly still at home when the murder occurred,
because when parliament opened he was still at Bedale,<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> just
10 miles east of Middleham and 50 miles north of Pontefract. It is not clear whether
all four were taken into the Duke’s service, as it is claimed was their
intention, or only the father; but when Katherine Williamson learned what had
happened she too set off for Pontefract, where Richard heard her grisly tale.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Richard’s response, upon hearing
Katherine’s complaint, was not what his new retainer had expected. The Duke had
Thomas arrested and committed to the custody of Sir Ralph Assheton, the county
sheriff, who took him to York Gaol. Thomas’ sons, however, successfully eluded
arrest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Katherine’s next step was to present a
petition to the Commons in parliament. it is difficult to see how she could
have drafted such a legally complex document, travelled to Westminster with
speed and succeeded in having such an unusual petition accepted, probably after
the official deadline of 15 October, without the support of the Duke of
Gloucester or someone enjoying an equal level of influence and access to legal
counsel. What Katherine wanted was for the King to<i> </i>furnish the Sheriff
of Yorkshire with the necessary writs to bring the Farnells into King’s Bench for
trial: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘<i>And if
the said Robert, Richard Farnell, John and Thomas. . . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>appere not afore the kyng in his said bench;
that then they, and ich of theym so then not apperyng, stond and be convicted
and atteynted of the said felonyez, murdres and robberiez, and have like jugement
and execution, and like forfeitures, as usuelly is used in other atteyndres of
feloniez, murdres and robberies, had by the commen lawe</i>.<i>’ <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Katherine further pleaded that all
four Farnells should be denied bail and held in Newgate for the duration of the
trial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Bill was passed, and the required
writs were then issued (quite when is not clear because they were, for
administrative reasons, backdated to the first day of parliament). The first
was a <i>corpus cum causa</i> commanding the Sheriff to bring into King’s Bench
‘<i>on the octave of St. Hilary [20 January] . . . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thomas Farnell . . . together with the cause
of the same Thomas’ capture and detention in the foresaid prison. . .</i> .’
The second writ commanded the Sheriff to make repeated proclamations in Howden summoning
Robert, Richard and John Farnell to bring themselves into King’s Bench ‘<i>to
respond to such bill or bills, action or actions as the foresaid Katherine or
any other person or persons would then prosecute against them, or any of them,
for the foresaid felony, murder and robbery</i>.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On 30 November parliament was
prorogued for the long Christmas break. On 19 December Sir Ralph Assheton
issued the first of five proclamations at Howden summoning the three brothers
to appear in court on the fourth day of pleas. On the octave of St. Hilary Katherine
was present in King’s Bench to see Sir Ralph Assheton bring in Thomas Farnell
to answer her charges. On that same day, the Justices of King’s Bench, in
keeping with the terms of her statute, committed Thomas to Newgate Gaol. Later
evidence indicates that Thomas pleaded Not Guilty and opted for a jury trial, which
was scheduled for the Easter term. Thomas’ sons, however, failed to appear on
their due date. The justices therefore decreed “<i>that the same Robert,
Richard Farnell and John should stand and be convicted and attainted of the
foresaid felonies, murders and robberies in accordance with the tenor, form and
effect of the foresaid Act, etc</i>.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">By the time parliament reconvened on 8
February, Thomas Farnell had been in prison for four months, and his trial date
was still over two months away. He too now presented a petition to the Commons.
Complaining that he, “<i>beyng of grete age, lyth and is kept in prisone, to
his fynall destruction and grete payne, God knoweth, and like to dye in shorte
tyme, withoute the comfort and relieff of your said maisterships</i>,” he asked
that they, of their “<i>grete pite and blessed dispositions, wold pray the king</i>.
. . <i>to lete the same Thomas to baille, uppon reasenable suertie to be
founden that he shall kepe his day to hym lymyte by the said justices</i>”.
This Bill too was passed, so it may be assumed that Thomas Farnell spent the
remainder of his time awaiting trial in more comfortable circumstances.
Parliament was prorogued again before Easter, and Richard of Gloucester
returned north.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thomas Farnell’s trial would have
taken place in May, although the exact date is unknown. No description of the proceedings
survives, but a memorandum reveals that the jury acquitted him, and that, as a
result, Katherine Williamson was fined half a mark (6s 8d) for making false clamour.
It must have been a disappointing outcome for her, but Thomas had paid for his
attempt to protect his sons with four months in prison, and the three missing killers
had been convicted <i>in absentia</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thomas Farnell was still living in
1477, but seems to have died before the end of Edward IV’s reign. His sons may
later have been pardoned or acquitted because in 1484 the eldest, Robert, was
sued together with his widowed mother for the theft of pasturage and hay from a
close in Pontefract.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Main Sources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Parliament
Rolls of Medieval England</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, ed. C. Given-Wilson et al. (Woodbridge, 2005)
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TNA KB 27/846, rot. 85r-86r, and KB
29/103, rot. 5r<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">by Marie Barnfield</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> TNA CP 40/837, image no. d.446 on
Anglo-American Legal Tradition (AALT) website.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> CP 40/841, AALT nos. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d. 1035, 1576, 1587, 1608.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> TNA KB
9/330, m. 23.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
TNA DL 29/648/10485, m. 12r.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/K%20Williamson%20&amp;%20Farnells%20(for%20Blog).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> CP 40/861, AALT f. 703; CP 40/890, AALT d. 1528.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-76074039636894503102020-05-23T08:24:00.000-07:002020-05-23T08:24:02.604-07:00Using the Consistory Database to Understand the Milles Wills<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<img height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Chester_Cathedral_Consistory_court.jpg" width="251" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chester_Cathedral_Consistory_court.jpg" target="_blank">(Chester Cathedral Consistory Court)</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">My will be done? (Lynda Pidgeon)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Some bequests in wills are conditional, for
example, if his wife or son were to ‘trouble, vex or disturb’ the testator’s
wishes, then they would not receive that particular bequest. Terms such as
‘vex’ or ‘disturb’ suggest that litigation of some sort might be contemplated
by those who felt deprived of an inheritance. A database of records from the
London consistory court (<a href="http://www.consistory.cohds.ca/">www.consistory.cohds.ca</a>), allows the researcher to
investigate this suggestion further. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The consistory court was an ecclesiastical court,
in this instance dealing with the city and the rural hinterland of Essex,
Middlesex and part of Hertfordshire. It was the bishop’s court that dealt with
marriage disputes, defamation, sexual offences, debt, probate of wills and
clerical discipline. Judgements made in these cases rarely survive, so we have
no idea of the outcome, unless other evidence can be found. On the other hand witnesses
on behalf of the plaintiff and defendant were asked specific questions to
support their case. Their answers – depositions – were set out in a separate
book and these survive for 1467-76 (in the London Metropolitan Archives) and
1487-96 (in the London Guildhall Library). This latter book has been
transcribed and translated to create the database.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So we have a jigsaw with no picture and over
half the pieces missing. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amongst the
testamentary <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cases is one that relates
to a will recorded in the Milles Register: the will of John Baker. As this name
is almost as common as John Smith, it proved difficult to put the jigsaw
together and indeed several of the women concerned were called Agnes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The testamentary suit heard in consistory court
dates to January / February 1493; the plaintiff was John Baker, the defendant Agnes
Symson, previously Baker. The suit related to the will of John Baker, made on
13 April 1490 and granted probate on 6 August 1490. The testator was a cooper
and citizen of London who lived in the ward of St Michael Bassingshaw, London. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His will is rather long (6 pages) and complex.
Amongst other legacies he gave money and silverware to John Baker his ‘cousyn’
and Elizabeth Payne, both were under 21 when the will was made. Agnes was to
have the ‘guiding’ of both children until they came of age or married. John senior
owned two messuages with gardens adjoining in East Greenwich, Kent. This
property was to go to his cousin John Baker and his heirs after the death of
Agnes. If he died before Agnes, and before reaching the age of 21, then the
property would revert to the feoffees (trustees) on her death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seems likely that the John Baker who brought
the consistory court suit was the cousin mentioned. As he was suing Agnes he
must have reached the age of 21 and was claiming the money and goods bequeathed
to him. In the three years since Baker’s death Agnes appears to have remarried
someone called Symson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The first witness called by Agnes Symson was
Agnes Smyth, presumably the wife of the salter to whom Baker left 20s. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was 26 years old, had lived in the parish
of St Michael for 7 years and was illiterate. She had known the Bakers for 9 or
10 years, so from before she moved into the parish. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She confirmed that she had witnessed the
reading of Baker’s testament in a chamber in his house, along with Thomas Lydys
and others, about 2 years previously. At the reading she heard that certain
goods and lands were bequeathed to John Baker the younger and that
administration was committed to Agnes. She agreed with a previous witness but
that it was ‘8 years or more’. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(We do
not have the previous witness’s statement and do not know what the ‘8 years’
relates to.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The next witness, also called by Agnes, was
Alice Waren. She was not a beneficiary in Baker’s will, but claimed to have
known Agnes Symson alias Baker for 9 years and the late John for 14 years.
Alice had lived in the parish of St Margaret, Westminster for 7 years, was 50
years old and was illiterate. She said that the administration of goods was
committed to Agnes and that she had heard that Baker had bequeathed to John
Baker the younger certain lands to the value of 40s p.a.. Agnes the mother of
John Baker had told her this. She confirmed that John the younger was born
around the feast of St Michael 9 years ago in her house in Whitechapel parish
outside Aldgate; he was baptised in the said church; and on the third day, in
the middle of the night, ‘the said John Baker’ died and was buried in the
cemetery of the same church. This she knew from her own sight and hearing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">What are we to make of Alice’s testimony?
There are no other depositions from witnesses for either Agnes Symson or John
Baker. If John Baker junior had been born 9 years earlier and died shortly
afterwards, then when Baker senior made his will he would surely have been
aware that his young cousin was dead? Also, if Alice Waren knew John senior as
well as she claimed then she would surely have told him this? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alternativley if the plaintiff was the child
referred to by Alice, and he was alive then, he was only 9; not only would he
have been too young to bring the suit, also he would not be entitled to his
legacy until he was 21. The lack of detail regarding the case being brought by
John Baker, the missing testimonies of some of the witnesses and the missing outcome
mean that we can only surmise what had happened. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What seems most likely is that the plaintiff
was the cousin John Baker, that he had reached the age of 21 and that Agnes
Symson had failed to give him his bequests: he was therefore suing her for the
money and silverware. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The testimony of Alice Waren is a problem; she
claimed that Agnes the mother of John Baker told her about the bequest of land
to John. Presumably this was the mother of John Baker junior, not the testator,
but this child was dead, so why would the mother be referring to a bequest to a
child who was dead? The death of the child, if this was the cousin, made the
bequest void. So who was Alice referring to? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A major problem with this testimony is that
Agnes, John Baker senior’s widow, was given the guiding of the cousin and the
young girl Elizabeth Payne – which suggests that both lived in Baker’s
household.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Was it Agnes, the widow, who was producing a
red herring by suggesting, through the testimony of Alice, that John Baker was
an imposter so that she could deprive him of his inheritance? Or was Agnes
suggesting that the plaintiff was not the John Baker meant by her husband?
Swinburne’s <i>Treatise on testaments and wills</i> has a section on how wills
might become void. One means was uncertainty over the legatee, i.e. if no-one could
be found of that name or where there was more than one person with the same
name. Alice Waren certainly provided uncertainty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The consistory court record has added a
confusing, though interesting dimension to Baker’s will and also provides glimpses
of the lives of people in London, where they lived, their age, if they were
literate and something of their social circle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The original reference of the suit is: London
Metropolitan Archives, MS DL/C/A/001/MS09065: 136r-137r<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-40449666001077306172020-05-19T04:01:00.000-07:002020-05-19T04:01:00.467-07:00Richard and Jane Welbeke of Putney<img height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/St_marys_church_putney_1.JPG/548px-St_marys_church_putney_1.JPG" width="227" /><div>
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_marys_church_putney_1.JPG" target="_blank">St Mary's Church, Putney</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
One of last year's talks at the Wills Study day was by Peter Charnley and Carol Dougherty whose findings have been summarised by Heather Falvey<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The wills of Richard Welbeke (1488) & Jane Welbeke
(1489)</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having the wills of a man and his widow allows historians to
link items in those wills and so have a better contextual understanding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We can follow the story onwards, as it were.
The second will might clarify ambiguities in the first but it might also omit
beneficiaries who were well catered for in the earlier one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wills of Richard and Jane Welbeke provide
good examples of these features. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Local historian Dorian Gerhold has identified the exact
location for the Welbeke’s home in Putney.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Their very sizeable property can be <span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">identified in a written survey of 1497 which details the
five ‘chief places’ of Putney and also suggests that the entire population of
Putney in that year was almost 300.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(See
Dorian Gerhold, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thomas Cromwell and his
family in Putney and Wandsworth</i>, published by Wandsworth Historical
Society.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Richard Welbeke left his ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Right of the Fery of Putnehith’</span>
(Putney) to William Welbeke (probably his uncle) as payment for his labour in
his role as executor of Richard’s will. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This referred to the right to profits from the
ferry at Putney. It indicates that Richard would have received an income from
those working the ferry but would not have been a ferryman himself. At this
time the Thames was only passable by ferry or boat at this location (present
Putney Bridge). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a well-known and
convenient crossing so there was plenty of business to be had ferrying people
across the river. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There were four shares in the ferry – two belonging to the
manor of Wimbledon (which included Putney) and two to the manor of Fulham. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is no firm evidence regarding Richard Welbeke’s status
or occupation but he evidently received an income from his right of ferry and
from the rents for his houses and tenements in London, Essex and
Derbyshire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two wills each detail
quite a spread of named properties and lands in and around Colchester,
including a messuage (house and surrounding buildings) in ‘Est Strete’,
Colchester and a messuage in Grenested (Greenstead) called Parsons, held (rented
from) Walter, Abbot of St John’s, Colchester.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We have an idea about what Est Strete in Colchester was like at this
time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">one of the poorest in the town after Bere
Lane, and was home to several unlicensed brothels’. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Colchester"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Colchester</span></a>,
accessed 06/09/19) Richard also left to his son John ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">all my [unspecified] lands and tenements in
Derbyshire …’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he had </span>left
money to the brotherhood (or fraternity) of Our Lady of Ashbourne, it seemed
likely <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ashbourne was the locus of the Derbyshire
landholding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And so it proved to be: the
Derbyshire Archives have a wealth of documentary evidence linking the Welbeke
family to considerable landholding and property ownership within Ashbourne and
surrounding villages, particularly Compton and Clifton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Both Richard and Jane refer to a William Welbeke – possibly
Richard’s uncle. A bit more investigation into this person reveals that he was
a Merchant of the Staple. He is mentioned in the Close Rolls of Henry VII
(1489) as ‘haberdassher and merchant of London and the Staple’, indicating that
he was a member of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers and a freeman.
Exports of wool were restricted to freemen of the company and they were granted
a monopoly over the export in return for collecting duties and paying these to
the Exchequer – of course creating an income for themselves in the
process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps the Derbyshire
properties referred to in Richard’s will were associated with the lucrative
wool trade and the familial links between him and William ensured that the
income was kept in the family.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the north wall of the parish church in Putney was a brass
memorial dedicated to Richard’s parents, John (died 1476) and Agnes (died
1478), but the inset brass figures were stolen in the 1970s. Richard’s own
monumental brass bears the inscription ‘of the Middle Temple’ but his name does
not appear in the admissions register as a member – leaving us with another
conundrum about this interesting individual!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As already mentioned, Richard Welbeke bequeathed all his
Derbyshire lands and tenements to his son John.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A year later, in Jane Welbeke’s will, she mentioned her son Richard and
three daughters, all of whom were below the ages of majority, but there is no
mention of John.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is probably
because he had already had a sizeable bequest from his father, so Jane considered
that what was left of her estate should reasonably be divided between her other
four children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If only her will had
survived, and not her husband’s as well, John’s existence would be unknown.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-32369006534549127732020-02-21T04:56:00.004-08:002020-02-21T04:58:43.658-08:00The wills of William Brandon, a Yorkist whose sons supported Henry Tudor Chris Reay Connor shared details of one of the testators of the Society's Milles Wills Project at last year's study day: Sir William Brandon, grandfather of one Henry VIII's most famous courtiers.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u1ScgtiR8YY/Xk_TS6Cl75I/AAAAAAAAAIc/LziXIbEIgzIHpLZ31lpQW_DPbWWCJsK9gCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Master_of_the_Brandon_Portrait%252C_Charles_Brandon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1284" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u1ScgtiR8YY/Xk_TS6Cl75I/AAAAAAAAAIc/LziXIbEIgzIHpLZ31lpQW_DPbWWCJsK9gCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/Master_of_the_Brandon_Portrait%252C_Charles_Brandon.jpg" width="256" /></a></div>
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(Charles Brandon - source Wikimedia Commons)</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
There are two wills of Sir William Brandon of Wangford
(Suffolk) recorded in the registers of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. The
first was written on 9 June 1475 and originally recorded in the register ‘Milles’
as being granted probate on 13 July 1491 but this grant was subsequently
invalidated (TNA, PROB 11/8/629); the second, recorded in register ‘Dogget’,
was written on 4 March and 9 April 1491 and was granted probate on 17 November
1491 (TNA, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PROB 11/9/49).<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
William Brandon, born before 1430, had been <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the service of the Yorkist kings through
his association with the dukes of Norfolk, rising to be a senior member of the
council of John Mowbray, fourth duke of Norfolk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brandon was knighted at Tewkesbury by a
grateful Edward IV and swore allegiance to young Prince Edward, the future
Edward V, in 1471.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1475 he was
contracted to travel to France with the royal forces, hence he wrote a will in
June of that year. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This document is not
a rushed affair. It is a long and considered listing of his lands and of his
children and their bequests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His sons are
named as William, Robert and Thomas, and his daughters are Mary, Anne, Margaret
the elder, Margaret the younger and Kateryne. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His wife, Elizabeth <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">née</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Wingfield, is given <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>overall
control and the bequests are fairly standard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The English army returned safely
and William returned to royal service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The will was not needed at that time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The second will, partly written in April 1491, is shorter, not least because
his daughters are now married (or dead) and are not dependent (and indeed are
not mentioned at all).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only his son
Robert receives anything; he is the principal legatee, with reversion to William’s
wife, Elizabeth. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact three-quarters
of the will is nuncupative (i.e. dictated), with an earlier date of 4 March
1491.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This portion has a detailed list
of lands, all bequeathed to his wife.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Their eldest son <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">William</span>
Brandon, had been Henry Tudor’s standard bearer, and had died at Bosworth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If he left a will, it has not been found yet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is recorded as being buried in the grave
pits at Dadlington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In July 1483 William
senior had been present at the coronation of Richard III, but, despite marks of
royal favour, his loyalty became suspect when two of his sons, William and
Thomas, joined the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, in October
that year. When the rising failed, William junior and Thomas fled to Brittany,
where Henry Tudor was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of William
senior’s lands were seized on the king’s orders, but he secured a free pardon
in March 1484.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the end of that year
he was out of favour again and sought sanctuary in the city of Gloucester,
where he remained until Tudor became king.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He regained his lands and petitioned for the return of the office of
Knight Marshall of the Marshalsea court, which he passed to his son Thomas, who
was also at Bosworth with his brother but had survived. Thomas became a trusted
and noted diplomat under the Tudors, dying in 1510.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He married but had no surviving
children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His brother Robert appears to
have remained in Norfolk, married twice, but had no surviving children; he
requested to be buried with his first wife, whilst his second wife was his
executrix.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
William, the standard bearer, had married Elizabeth Bruyn,
widow of Thomas Tyrrell of Heron (grandfather of James Tyrell).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William and Elizabeth had four sons and one
daughter: William, Thomas, Robert and Charles, later duke of Suffolk, and Anne,
who married twice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elizabeth Bruyn
married for a third time, to William Mallory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The children of the standard bearer were brought up within the Tudor
household, and Charles became the most famous, passing down the Brandon blood
through a Tudor alliance to Lady Jane Grey. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-5783434966389481472020-01-23T03:46:00.000-08:002020-01-23T03:46:02.578-08:00Beeswax: Lighting the Medieval Church<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TeiToNxkr3g/XimG3Eqo8PI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/pEmATPlq1HoqXJpVtk6HZVEPs4PFuifWQCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/27-alimenti%252C_miele%252C_Taccuino_Sanitatis%252C_Casanatense_4182..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1099" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TeiToNxkr3g/XimG3Eqo8PI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/pEmATPlq1HoqXJpVtk6HZVEPs4PFuifWQCNcBGAsYHQ/s320/27-alimenti%252C_miele%252C_Taccuino_Sanitatis%252C_Casanatense_4182..jpg" width="291" /></a></div>
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<i style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;">Tacuinum Sanitatis</i><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;">, Lombardy, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;">late 14th century (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Casanatense" style="background: none rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblioteca Casanatense">Biblioteca Casanatense</a><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;">, Rome)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alexandra
Sapoznik has recently published an article in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Economic History Review</i> entitled ‘Bees in the medieval economy:
Religious observance and the production, trade, and consumption of wax in
England, c.1300–1555’. [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">EcHR</i> November
2019]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">As Sapoznik notes, in addition to lighting candles to
mark each stage of the church’s year, and in particular during the celebrations
of Christmas, the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary (2 February) and
Easter, candles were used to mark every stage of life. ‘Candles were placed in
infants’ hands when they were baptised, held by women when they were churched
and when they married, carried before the Host when it was taken to visit the
sick, placed around the body after death, taken with the body as it was carried
to the grave.’</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This made me think about one particular
aspect of the Milles wills: many testators made bequests of lights (candles) in
their parish church, or for torches or wax to ‘burn about their corpse’ at
their funeral</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> and subsequent
commemorative services</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">The candles would not burn down completely during
these services and so what was left was often bequeathed for other
purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">The more expensive
candles, tapers or torches were made of beeswax but torches in particular were
often made of a cheaper mixture </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">of tallow, wax and resin; however,
some<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>testators specified wax to be used.
For example, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Isabel Stephens of the parish of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">St Michael Queenhithe (London) asked her
executors purchase four new torches of wax to burn around her coffin during her
funeral services; afterwards one torch was to placed on the high altar of St Michael’s
church to burn at the elevation of the blessed Sacrament (that is, at the high
point of the mass), two more on the altars of Jesus and of Our Lady in the same
church, and the fourth was to go to the parish church of St Dunstan, Cheam (Surrey)
where she was born.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sometimes
the testator asked that the funeral torches or tapers were held by poor men,
who were usually given some clothing, money or food in return.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Mountfort, a priest in the Hereford area,
was very specific: six tapers, each of 5 lbs of wax, and six torches, priced 6s
each, were to be held by poor men. The six poor men holding the torches were to
each have a black gown and hood and each of the poor men were to have 4d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Medieval
churches had numerous statues of saints. Some testators might simply bequeath
wax for various candles (lights) in their parish church. Margaret Brown of
Stamford bequeathed 20 lbs of wax for the two lights in the choir, two lights
in the chapel, one before the statue of St Anne, one before St Margaret and one
before St Erasmus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sometimes burning
candles were requested for a number of years, so they would need renewing.
Seeing the candles burning would remind parishioners to pray for the soul of
the person who had originally provided them. Usually executors were expected to
pay for the candles out of the estate of the deceased; occasionally the source
of funding was clearly stated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Robert Hervy of
Colchester bequeathed a light made of a pound of wax to burn before the image
of Jesus in St Peter’s church, Colchester, for 7 years during divine service; furthermore
four times a year the candle was to be made back up to one pound in
weight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The money for the wax was to be
taken out of the rent paid for the house in North Street, inside the North Gate
of Colchester, in which Thomas Slatoure was living, which Hervy had bought from
John Clerke, the weaver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Interestingly
there was also an element of recycling. New wax was often added to ‘old’ wax
reused from candle ends held over from the churches’ own stock, or purchased
from wax chandlers who were paid by the pound to make candles. One Milles will sheds
light on this. John Meryk of Southwark had requested twelve torches to be used
during his funeral and commemorations; afterwards six were to be used in the parish
church of St Thomas; the other six were to be taken back to to the wax-chandler
they were bought from, and he would pay for the waste a sum agreed between
himself and Meryk’s executors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Heather FalveyResearch committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-38203978312306339962019-11-03T09:06:00.001-08:002019-11-03T09:06:16.869-08:00Coventry Guildhall Tapestry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Yv7t08nOjVM/Xb8GWloPw5I/AAAAAAAAAHQ/F-dQajcxyPYumeSa1xqMRoZlm_-CiX_TgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/coventry%2Btapestry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="720" height="145" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Yv7t08nOjVM/Xb8GWloPw5I/AAAAAAAAAHQ/F-dQajcxyPYumeSa1xqMRoZlm_-CiX_TgCNcBGAsYHQ/s400/coventry%2Btapestry.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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On 27 September,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a
number of Society members were present for a fascinating day exploring the
tapestry at St Mary’s Guildhall in Coventry, organised by Tudor Coventry CIC
and Medieval Coventry. This tapestry depicts a king and queen kneeling either
side of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. There are an assortment of men
behind the king, and women behind the queen and a row of saints above them. It
was made in the early sixteenth century and was long thought to depict a Tudor
court. However, Christian Liddy has argued that it depicts the mid fifteenth
century when Coventry became the home of Henry VI’s court in the wake of
Richard duke of York’s second protectorate.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/coventry%20tapestry%20for%20blog.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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There has also been more recent speculation that one of the
figures represents Richard III.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/coventry%20tapestry%20for%20blog.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The
character in question holds an item that has clearly been rewoven in an attempt
to alter the image which looks to have been a snake originally. This has been
interpreted as ‘an emblem of evil and deviousness’, according to an article on
the guildhall website. The figure also holds a small item which has been
identified as a coin and thus a symbol of Judas.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iAteGq_dd6M/Xb8HdtdpPcI/AAAAAAAAAHc/BPTbjZfrw8wrhRwoMhvOey0Y-OnVUFdmACNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/coventry%2Bserpent%2Bfigure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="916" data-original-width="515" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iAteGq_dd6M/Xb8HdtdpPcI/AAAAAAAAAHc/BPTbjZfrw8wrhRwoMhvOey0Y-OnVUFdmACNcBGAsYHQ/s640/coventry%2Bserpent%2Bfigure.jpg" width="358" /></a></div>
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When the Society Conference was held in Coventry two years
ago, member Fred Hepburn persuasively argued that the striking figure was much
more likely to represent Richard duke of York than his son. Fred explained that
the idea specifically of a ‘serpent of discord’ was popular in both
mid-fifteenth and sixteenth-century literature and Richard duke of York would
chronologically make more sense as an adult at the court of Henry VI and
Margaret of Anjou. Polydore Vergil, most likely writing as the tapestry was
being designed, was clear that ‘this general disturbance [the Wars of the
Roses] took its origin from Duke Richard of York’. The smaller object in the
figure’s hand, Fred suggested, was actually a gambling die, emblematic of
York’s risk taking. Under Henry VIII, who was rather more proud of his Yorkist
lineage, it might have seemed politic to remove the serpent.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fred was among the speakers again at Coventry this autumn,
along with Jonathan Foyle discussing the iconography of the window above the
tapestry (which definitely does depict Henry VI but in an unusually military
fashion), Kate Giles explaining the context of guildhalls more widely, Maria
Hayward investigating the making of the tapestry, Mika Takami reporting on it
from a conservationist point of view and myself talking about Margaret of Anjou
and Henry VI’s time in Coventry. The talks began with Mark Webb from Historic
Coventry Trust giving the local historic context and David Starkey introducing
the political context of the period in which the tapestry was made. It was an
excellent opportunity for sharing ideas and has set up considerable further
discussion. <o:p></o:p></div>
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It has long been recognised that the top central figure in
the tapestry – justice enthroned - was a late addition, presumably replacing an
earlier image of the Trinity, but few of us had noticed until Maria’s talk that
a rosary seems to have been embroidered out on one of the women’s dresses. Yet
the saints and the Virgin Mary were allowed to survive, unlike in so many
churches. It really is a wonderful relic from the last years when such art
could be made before the Reformation. Maria also pointed to banderoles in each
corner of the tapestry (which I’ve never been able to make out in the poor
light there) which appear to have the initials H and M on them, presumably for
Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0ip3kn88blA/Xb8Hyp7entI/AAAAAAAAAHk/yiBYUQrscqwgLbKPJlHEcmufSLEw0NzCgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Coventry%2Bwhite%2Bdog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0ip3kn88blA/Xb8Hyp7entI/AAAAAAAAAHk/yiBYUQrscqwgLbKPJlHEcmufSLEw0NzCgCNcBGAsYHQ/s640/Coventry%2Bwhite%2Bdog.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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Much debate centred on the dogs at the feet of some of the
courtiers and the question of whether they might be talbots, which was the
emblem of the earls of Shrewsbury, or, as a questioner from the floor proposed,
Tudor/Richmond greyhounds, or merely domestic dogs. The male figure beside the
dog has an ample purse which might have made him a candidate for identification
as John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury and Treasurer of England, if we could find a
logical reason for him being so very prominent in the tapestry (Fred Hepburn
suggested). If instead it is a Tudor emblem then it might depict Henry VII’s
father, Edmund Tudor (as Jonathan Foyle was the first to point out). If so, might
we start identifying the elderly man touching ‘Edmund’s’ shoulder as Owen Tudor?
Then we might consider some of the possible parallel women as ancestresses of
Henry VII and Elizabeth of York too: the very small figure near a white dog as
Margaret Beaufort, more prominent women as the queen’s grandmothers. Or is it
over ambitious to imagine sixteenth-century guildsmen wanting to weave so much
specific history into their design? The debate will continue!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vUZhEMeSWLU/Xb8ITsdsPfI/AAAAAAAAAHs/_DeOTWONkQI_QbyqfUMSBKPkfzTbClafACNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Coventry%2Bladies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vUZhEMeSWLU/Xb8ITsdsPfI/AAAAAAAAAHs/_DeOTWONkQI_QbyqfUMSBKPkfzTbClafACNcBGAsYHQ/s640/Coventry%2Bladies.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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It is fair to say that not everyone was persuaded that the
figure with the ‘serpent’ was Richard duke of York. One query was whether it
was really a serpent at all or perhaps another rosary? Another was why put such
a discordant figure in the tapestry in the beginning? Moreover, serpents could
also be symbols of wisdom, something that might have seemed less obvious at a
later date and so prompted the over-embroidery (an image of Elizabeth I
currently hanging in Kenilworth castle clearly once held a serpent which has
been painted over with a posy of flowers). What was clear in the final
discussion is that none of the speakers thought it plausible that Richard III
was depicted on the tapestry.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
J L Laynesmith</div>
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Images provided by Mark Webb</div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/coventry%20tapestry%20for%20blog.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-history/article/urban-politics-and-material-culture-at-the-end-of-the-middle-ages-the-coventry-tapestry-in-st-marys-hall/48E2C69A0A5D3E8ECE3C566D6981D964">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-history/article/urban-politics-and-material-culture-at-the-end-of-the-middle-ages-the-coventry-tapestry-in-st-marys-hall/48E2C69A0A5D3E8ECE3C566D6981D964</a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/coventry%20tapestry%20for%20blog.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://www.stmarysguildhall.co.uk/downloads/file/28/king_richard_iii_and_the_coventry_tapestry">https://www.stmarysguildhall.co.uk/downloads/file/28/king_richard_iii_and_the_coventry_tapestry</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-61598139086295627022019-04-29T09:53:00.000-07:002019-04-29T09:53:38.022-07:00Elizabeth Woodville as Plague Victim<img alt="ElizabethWoodville.JPG" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/ElizabethWoodville.JPG" width="263" /><br />
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<o:p>Queens' College Cambridge Portrait 88 </o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">There were several newspaper headlines last week along the
lines of ‘White Queen died of plague, claims letter found in National Archives’.
Their authors are drawing on an article in this month’s issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Social History of Medicine</i> by Euan
Roger, who is a historian at The National Archives.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The
newspaper articles online seem to have caused some confusion and scepticism on
social media. So, having read Roger’s fascinating article, here’s what I think
it might mean for understanding Elizabeth’s death and much-debated funeral.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The focus of Roger’s research was an early-sixteenth century
codex from St George’s College, Windsor, containing regulations about
quarantine for plague (really interesting stuff – but you’ll have to read the
article if you want to know more!). In the course of this, he investigated
Henry VIII’s exceptional anxiety about the plague. He picked up on an
intriguing letter written by the Venetian ambassador, Andrea Badoer, in July
1511. The ambassador observed ‘the Queen-Widow, mother of the late King Edward,
had died of plague, and the King was troubled’<span style="color: #a64d79;">.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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No one who might answer the description of ‘queen-widow’ had
died in 1511, or even remotely near that date. Hitherto, scholars who came
across the curious reference seem not to have been interested in trying to
unravel its mystery, until now. Euan Roger persuasively concluded that the
ambassador’s remark was meant as an explanation for Henry VIII’s particular fear
of the plague – the king knew (or, at least, believed) that a close relative
had died of it. (Do check out the sources and logic for this in his article).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Elizabeth Woodville was not the only mother of a king Edward
to have died within living memory. The most recent was Edward IV’s mother,
Cecily duchess of York, whom some on Twitter have suggested might have been the
subject of the ambassador’s remark. Cecily was indeed the woman most commonly
referred to as the ‘mother of King Edward’. She died when Henry VIII was four,
so he is unlikely to have remembered her in person. However, she must have been
part of his sense of his family because she bequeathed him three Arras
tapestries and many of her lands had passed into his possession as duke of York
(which was his title before his elder brother’s death). At first sight Cecily
seems a possible candidate, except that she was never a queen. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Cecily’s status was contentious. Her husband, Richard duke
of York, had claimed that his right to the throne was superior to Henry VI’s. During
the reigns of her sons Edward IV and Richard III, Cecily called herself ‘king’s
mother and wife of the rightful heir to the thrones of England and France and
lord of Ireland’. In Henry VII’s reign, however, it appears that she tactfully
dropped much of this claim. She usually described her husband only as ‘the
right noble prince Richard duke of York’. In so far as Henry VII had any blood
right to the throne, it came from his relationship to Henry VI. Consequently, suggesting
that Henry VI’s claim was false would not have played well with the Tudor family.
So, it would make no sense for anyone at Henry VIII’s court to call Cecily ‘queen-widow’.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Moreover, what we know of Cecily’s death does not suggest
that she was a plague victim. She was living in rural Berkhamsted which was a
much less likely site for plague to strike than the congested capital. She was
already 80 years old and the long preparation for her death reveals that it was
not a hurried affair. On 1<sup>st</sup> April 1495 she began making her last
testament. She did not finish it until 31<sup>st</sup> May, the very day of her
death. On that day she sealed and signed the document. After her death, a papal
indulgence was tied around her neck with a silk ribbon and her body was
transported 60 miles for burial at Fotheringhay College.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This
would have caused a serious contagion risk if she had died of plague.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The only other relevant mother of a king Edward was
Elizabeth Woodville, mother of Edward V and wife of Edward IV. She had very
definitely been a queen-widow. We might have expected the ambassador to call
her the king (Henry VIII)’s grandmother, rather than the mother of his uncle.
Nonetheless, the description was entirely accurate for Elizabeth Woodville.
Elizabeth had died three years before Cecily. She was only in her early fifties
and lived at Bermondsey Abbey, near the Thames in Southwark. This was a much
more vulnerable location for the plague. Crucially, as Roger argues, her
exceptionally low-key funeral has long been a matter of speculation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If her hasty burial was a consequence of fears
about plague infection, this would offer a new perspective on the event.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Elizabeth Woodville had composed her last testament on 10
April 1492, exactly nine years and one day after her husband, Edward IV’s, sudden
death, ‘seeing the world so transitory and no creature certain when they shall
depart from hence’ (TNA PROB 11/9). It seems from this line that she had no
specific reason to expect that two months later she would be dead. In this
testament, she requested that she be buried with Edward IV at Windsor, ‘without
pomp entering or costly expenses done thereabout’. <o:p></o:p></div>
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A description of Elizabeth Woodville’s funeral has been
preserved in a sixteenth-century herald’s book that is now in the British
Library.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The author drew attention to the use of ‘old torches and torch ends’, tapers
‘of no great weight’, and a ‘low hearse, such as they use for the common
people’. He also noted that several of the traditional solemn services were
omitted and that the poor men holding torches had not been provided with black
mourning wear. It is impossible to be sure whether the author’s emphasis on the
minimal ceremony was meant as a criticism of her executors, a lament on her
poverty or praise for her austere piety. However, his opening explanation
suggests that it was the last. He had recorded that the queen wished to be
taken by river to be buried at Windsor ‘in all goodly haste, without any
worldly pomp’. Euan Roger’s investigation suggests that some elements of this
simplicity were actually a result of anxious, rather than ‘goodly’, haste.<o:p></o:p></div>
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One of the most surprising aspects of the funeral is the
fact that the body did not lie on the hearse throughout the ceremonies but was
buried immediately on arrival at the castle ‘privily about 11 of the clock in
the night’. Only one priest and one clerk had greeted the tiny party
accompanying the body ‘privily through the little park’. This would entirely
fit with a desire to avoid contagion from the plague. Intriguingly, however,
there is no hint that the author of the description was himself aware of the
cause of death which may suggest that, if she did die of plague, it was not
entirely public knowledge at the time. <o:p></o:p></div>
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It is also worth noting that we do not seem to have any
records of plague in London in 1492. Nonetheless, plague was endemic by this
period to the extent that many sources seem not have considered it worth noting
every small outbreak. Records for Oxford University indicate that the students
would be evacuated each time plague struck, but sometimes only a couple of
students were affected. Such evacuations occurred in both 1491 and 1493.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> It
is not improbable that a small outbreak occurred in London between these years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Last week’s newspaper reports implied that the letter at the
heart of the revelations had only just been discovered. The truth is actually
more impressive – records that have been publicly available for decades can
still yield surprising new information when examined by a historian who is
asking new questions in the context of the appropriate background knowledge. An
investigation into why a sixteenth-century king was so concerned about plague
has indicated that Elizabeth Woodville’s family believed that she had died of that
disease in 1492.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
J L Laynesmith</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Euan C Roger , “‘To Be Shut Up’: New Evidence for the Development of Quarantine
Regulations in Early-Tudor England”, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Social
History of Medicine</i>, https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz031<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Published: 11 April 2019<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Item
come la Raina Vedova, fò madre dil Re Edoardo, erra morta da peste, et il Re
era fastidiato. See
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol2/pp46-49 <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Her will stated a preference for burial at Fotheringhay but acknowledged that
this would be an expensive undertaking and allowed that the king might
recommend she be buried elsewhere. Her relationship with her local church in
Berkhamsted was close – in her will she left gifts to three incumbents as well
as to the church itself – so it would have been the sensible alternative if she
had actually died of plague. J. L. Laynesmith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cecily duchess of York</i> (Bloomsbury, 2017).<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Transcribed and discussed in Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs with R. A.
Griffiths, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Royal Funerals of the
House of York at Windsor</i> (Richard III Society, 2005).<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Elizabeth%20Woodvilles%20death%20for%20blog.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Charles Creighton, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of Epidemics
in Britain</i> (CUP, 1891), I:283.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Image from Wikmedia Commons,</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-18125874661513029872019-04-22T07:56:00.000-07:002019-04-22T07:56:14.916-07:00Archaeology at Collyweston Palace<br />
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In February this year exciting news emerged about
archaeology on the site of Lady Margaret Beaufort’s home at Collyweston in
Northamptonshire. I recently found out that the Collyweston Historical and Preservation Society are looking for support in this project: see <a href="https://www.collywestonhistoricalsociety.org.uk/join-the-search" target="_blank">here</a>. The preliminary geophysical services have been completed to guide the digs this summer. They plan to reveal their findings at a celebratory weekend on 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> September.</div>
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<br /></div>
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What makes this so exciting? Collyweston was one of the first brick manor houses in the region and its early grandeur was the work of the
Yorkist Ralph Lord Cromwell, who was a major political figure through the
fifteenth century. He fought at Agincourt and was Treasurer of England for a
decade during which time he amassed considerable wealth. He stepped down
because he opposed the policies of William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk. He was
a member of Richard duke of York’s affinity from 1441, which was not always
good for his political career. However, it has been speculated that his late
arrival for the First Battle of St Albans was a consequence of misgivings at
York’s violent approach. Unlike Collyweston, his great building projects at
South Wingfield and Tattershall are still testament to his power and influence.
He died at South Wingfield in January 1456.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Lady Margaret Beaufort acquired the palace in 1499, fourteen years into her son's reign. She made
extensive improvements both to the gardens and buildings in 1502-3 including
bay windows decorated with the Beaufort arms. It was during this time that
Margaret offered refuge at Collyweston to Edward IV’s daughter, Cecily, who had
been banished from court by an enraged Henry VII for secretly marrying a mere
esquire, Thomas Kyme. But in 1503 the court came to Collyweston for three weeks
of midsummer festivities. These were to mark Princess Margaret’s final days
with her family before she departed for Scotland and marriage with James IV. It
was probably the most spectacular period in Collyweston’s history and it marked what was to prove a turning point in British history. It will be wonderful to be able to reimagine the space in which these celebrations occurred.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
<br /><br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-75721378777701442582018-09-04T05:03:00.001-07:002018-09-04T05:28:59.280-07:00Tudor Chamber Books<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O3rVTDVN8Ak/W45zxtiFgnI/AAAAAAAAAEk/_WImvOa1mG4VGUJLjNS6DpidxuVGo3txQCLcBGAs/s1600/chamber%2Bbooks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="1049" height="217" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O3rVTDVN8Ak/W45zxtiFgnI/AAAAAAAAAEk/_WImvOa1mG4VGUJLjNS6DpidxuVGo3txQCLcBGAs/s400/chamber%2Bbooks.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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A fantastic new resource for research into the late
fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries has just been launched: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.tudorchamberbooks.org/" target="_blank">Tudor Chamber Books</a></i>. It is an
opportunity to browse or search the detailed records of weekly expenditure and
income for the royal chamber in surviving receipt and expenditure books for
1485-1521. It also includes the privy purse expenses of Elizabeth of York,
re-transcribed with additional material not included in the previously
published version. The website is not yet finished – the project organisers
describe the current site as a ‘draft’ – it will eventually be more searchable,
and the formatting needs work, especially for the modern English version.
Nonetheless, what we can now access from the comfort of our homes are over
4,000 pages from The National Archives and the British Library that will
provide an invaluable resource for historical research, especially into statecraft,
court life and material culture.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Two members of the research committee attended the launch of the database at a fascinating conference at the
University of Winchester, where the project has been based. Papers were
delivered both by members of the research project and external scholars. Many
of these will eventually be published in a special edition of the journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History</i>. Delegates learned that although
no accounts survive for the Yorkist kings, it was Edward IV who was the first
to use it extensively. Henry VII initially reverted to the Lancastrian reliance
on the exchequer but found that system inefficiently slow. The chamber books
reveal the intricacies of the accounting system, the king’s regular oversight
and his sometimes clumsy penmanship. The breadth of topics that will benefit
from this resource was indicated in papers that ranged from the queen’s
household and her ladies or the crown’s relationship with Londoners or major
nobles, to the Field of the Cloth of Gold, iconography in royal palaces,
literary culture at court and the royal librarian, Quentyn Poulet.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In the course of the final roundtable, we were encouraged
not just to search for the people or objects that intrigue us, but to spend
time browsing through the pages, getting a sense of the rhythms of court life and coming by
chance upon intriguing details that searches would never have brought us to. It is slightly addictive, drifting through the payments, wondering who those monks were spying on or what sort of 'dragon' Lord Grey of Wilton gave the king on the anniversary of Bosworth 1507. I feel it will be a wonderful resource not only for academics, students and enthusiastic amateur historians but novelists too.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-366407305096904762018-07-17T00:41:00.002-07:002018-07-17T00:41:43.601-07:00The DNA of the Missing Princes<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qawZCavTZL0/W02cvzKE24I/AAAAAAAAAEY/VdQyuXt7TmsqwNIwfxJR-JK1yae65vn9gCLcBGAs/s1600/Canterbury%2BRoyal%2BWindow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="597" height="306" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qawZCavTZL0/W02cvzKE24I/AAAAAAAAAEY/VdQyuXt7TmsqwNIwfxJR-JK1yae65vn9gCLcBGAs/s320/Canterbury%2BRoyal%2BWindow.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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A recent <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/richard-iii-princes-in-the-tower-dna-king-murder-mystery-sample-solved-shakespeare-edward-vi-a8441936.html" target="_blank">newspaper report</a> announced that newly discovered DNA could prove whether Richard III murdered the princes in the Tower. What is the real significance of this discovery?</div>
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<br /></div>
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The research was undertaken by Society member, Glen Moran, after hearing a talk by John Ashdown-Hill. He revealed that, contrary to previous assumptions, an all female line had survived on the princes' mother's side. This means that mitochondrial DNA that would match the princes could be identified.</div>
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<br /></div>
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If it were possible to examine the DNA of any of the various
bones speculatively identified as those of the ‘Princes in the Tower’, this new
discovery would help to establish for certain whether they really are those of
the missing princes. The DNA already obtained from Richard III would also be
key. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If the bones did include Richard III’s male line DNA, then
it would be certain that they were closely related. However, technically, they
might still be another relative, such as otherwise unknown royal bastards. This
is, of course, highly unlikely, but only with the female line DNA as well could
scientists be absolutely certain.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The other scenario in which the female line DNA could prove
significant is if either Cecily duchess of York (the princes’ grandmother), or
Elizabeth Woodville (their mother) had been unfaithful so that their offspring
did not actually share the male line DNA of Richard III. Again, this is highly
unlikely, although some historians and writers have argued that we should believe contemporary rumours that Edward IV was
illegitimate. (For a recent refutation of ‘evidence’ for this, see Livia
Visser-Fuchs’ article in the most recent edition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Ricardian</i>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Could this impact on our understanding of whether Richard
III killed the princes? This would depend on finding bones that could
positively be identified as those of the princes. If the evidence of the bones
indicated that the boys were clearly too old to have died in Richard III’s
reign, then we would know that he could not have ordered their deaths.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> There are of course various sites rumoured to hold the remains of one or other of the princes, but whether the right body can be found and access granted for testing is of course another challenge. Unfortunately,</span> if the boys merely fell sick or were killed by someone else
during Richard’s reign, or shortly afterwards, the mystery would remain even if
the bones could be found.</div>
<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-90149277625335119192018-03-29T13:58:00.000-07:002018-03-29T14:02:04.579-07:00Duchy of Cornwall accounts sold at auction<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">On 21
March this year an important and interesting manuscript was sold in Exeter for
£20,000, well over the original estimate of £4000 - £6000. This is a </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Compotus or Receiver's Rolls for Cornwall and Devon
drawn up under the aegis of Richard III, comprising the account of one year's
receipts from the manors, burghs and stannaries (tin mining districts) of the
Duchy of Cornwall; together with receipts for Devon. It covers from Michaelmas,
22nd year of Edward IV to Michaelmas 1st year Richard III (29 September 1482 to
29 September 1483). It thus covers the end of the reign of Edward IV, the brief
reign of Edward V and the first few months of that of Richard III. The Dukedom
of Cornwall had been created by Edward III for the maintenance of his eldest
son, and can only be held by the oldest living son of the monarch. The period
of this account therefore covers the rule as Duke of Edward IV’s eldest son
Edward and Richard III’ only son Edward of Middleham who became Duke as soon as
his father became King.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">By the end of fifteenth
century, profits from the Duchy amounted to some £500 per annum and its
administration was sophisticated and efficient, the annual receiver's rolls, of
which this is a fine example, being the summation of a host of preliminary
local records and accounts. The present rolls record the final accounts of
annual receipts from many of the Duchy manors in Cornwall as well as some in Devon.
The profits from the Duchy came to about £500 per year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">The roll is divided into sub-accounts,
totals for rents, sales and court receipts are given and the bailiff's name
provided. In most cases the receipts are noted as delivered into the hands of
Sir Robert Willoughby and Sir Thomas Arundell. Though abbreviated in this final
account, the entries for each manor usually contain several personal names (the
bailiff or reeve, in particular) and other local placenames, which makes it
useful for local historians. The final receipt for the manorial income is
usually between about £12 to £30.. Both the hundred court and stannary receipts
are given in the same way. The receipts from the stannary courts of the tin
mines were especially valuable components of Duchy income.<br />
<br />
Two main series of manorial records from the Duchy of Cornwall exist, one in
the National Archives and the other in the Duchy of Cornwall Office. This roll
is a rare survivor outside these archives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Peter Hammond</span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TvOBt3Noz6o/Wr1S-RYx64I/AAAAAAAAAD8/kasGfTnByHMZkDaErUv88Cudw7y5vkRJACLcBGAs/s1600/image1%2B%25282%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TvOBt3Noz6o/Wr1S-RYx64I/AAAAAAAAAD8/kasGfTnByHMZkDaErUv88Cudw7y5vkRJACLcBGAs/s320/image1%2B%25282%2529.jpeg" width="256" /></a>Image courtesy of Bonhams</div>
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<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-44508596991100753622018-02-26T07:27:00.001-08:002018-02-26T07:28:13.932-08:00The Canterbury Roll<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
An article in <i>The
Times</i> on Monday 29 January 2018 gave details of a medieval scroll known as
the Canterbury Roll. While this is not a new discovery, what is new is that it
has been digitised and is available for everyone to see at the <a href="http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/canterburyroll" target="_blank">Canterbury University, NZ website</a>. Originally called ‘The Maude Roll’ after its nineteenth
century owners, it was purchased by Canterbury College - now Canterbury
University - Christchurch, New Zealand early in 1918. Arnold Wall, a professor
at the college published a transcription of the roll in 1919 and this too has
been made available on the website and can be downloaded as a pdf.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When the Maude family moved to New Zealand in the nineteenth
century they took the roll with them, the story was that it had always been in
the family, and Wall attempted to trace the family back to the fifteenth
century, when the roll was first written. Subsequent research suggests that
ownership by the Maude family may not go back any further than the nineteenth
century. Who commissioned the roll in the fifteenth century therefore remains
something of a mystery.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With its digitisation it is possible to explore the roll in
detail. It is a genealogy of the kings of England, created early in the
fifteenth century. Beginning with the founding myth of English kings, from the
Trojan refugee Brutus travelling to Albion and renaming the island Britannia,
through the mythical kings of Britain including Arthur, to the Saxon kings, in
continuous succession to Henry VI when the roll was created. Since 1429-33,
when it was first written, the roll has undergone a number of amendments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is thought that it was originally drawn up to demonstrate
the Lancastrians’ legitimate claim to the throne. Richard II’s deposition is
passed over, as is the claim of the Mortimers. Legitimate descent is shown in a
straight line from Edward III. It does not reflect Henry IV’s early dalliance
with the idea that Edmund Crouchback was the eldest son of Henry III; that was
a notion too far, it was much easier to simply overlook a claim through a
woman.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With the accession of Edward IV the roll then undergoes an
amendment. <span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The new scribe has made notes to ensure there is no mistake
about who is the true king. He adds a note to show that Richard II was deposed
and Henry IV usurped the throne. Red lines are then added to </span>show the
true line of descent from Edward III that is, via Lionel of Clarence and his
daughter Philippa. Added to the descent through Edmund Duke of York, the
legitimacy of the house of York is undisputed.<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"> ‘Edward, son and heir of the above
named Richard, recently duke of York, true heir of the kingdoms of England and
France, ... on the fourth day of March, through the greater and more sensible
[part] of the people, was elected as king of England by the grace of God and
the voice of those [people], rising and receiving the kingdom of England in
London for himself, by law so much as by inheritance, in the year of the Lord
1460.’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;">As well as Edward IV, the new scribe includes his brothers, Edmund,
George and Richard and his sisters Anne, Elizabeth and Margaret. Margaret is
named as duchess of Burgundy so this amendment must have been made after her
marriage in 1468. Sadly no further amendments were made to the roll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The roll is seen as a piece of propaganda, originally for
Henry VI and then Edward IV. Who commissioned the roll is a mystery. Did it
remain in the same hands throughout the fifteenth century? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was the owner someone who changed sides and
wished to demonstrate his new allegiance to the house York, or was it someone
who was simply reflecting the ‘reality’ of the day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;">It is a pity that it ends with Edward IV, it would have been
interesting to see how the owner reflected the changes of 1483 and 1485. Was it
too dangerous or too uncertain? Or had the owner died or lost interest? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;">What the role does show is that genealogy was important, and
that something seemingly so straight forward could be disputed. Genealogy as
propaganda was not limited to this roll, a number exist. A splendid example
should already be known to members, it can be partially viewed <a href="http://www.freelibrary.org/digital/feature/medieval-edward-index" target="_blank">here</a> (a digital copy is available on CDRom, entitled Leaves of Gold, through the
society shop). Held by the Free Library of Philadelphia, this is a beautifully
illustrated roll. Edward IV appears at the top in full military glory, there is
no mistaking that ‘this sun of York’ was responsible for its production. The
Canterbury Roll looks more like a working copy beside it, having little in the
way of illustration. It is easy to imagine Edward’s roll on display, but it is
hard to imagine that many people actually saw the Canterbury Roll. The value of
either as propaganda is therefore hard to see. Those seeing Edward’s roll may
have been visitors to his court, in many ways it was therefore preaching to the
converted or the already loyal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;">The Canterbury Roll perhaps lay amongst other records and
chronicles, but someone thought it worth updating, just as Chronicles were
continually added to and updated. For the modern reader it adds another mystery
to the fifteenth century; who owned the roll and what was it they did or did
not want to say about the occupier of the throne and any potential claimants?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;">Lynda Pidgeon</span><br />
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><span style="color: black;">Medieval genealogies could take many forms - this tree from</span><a href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=28919" target="_blank"> British Library MS Harley 7353</a><span style="color: black;"> takes a much more image-based approach than the Canterbury Roll. It shows Henry IV literally cutting through the branch on which Richard II sat and has Henry VI and Edward IV facing each other at the top, swords at the ready.</span></span><br />
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>
<span style="background: white; color: #333333;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ccp4GjoRkUE/WpQlIiuborI/AAAAAAAAADs/igf6_nDoHNg0GY5uYTW7iksgeUnlhPyWgCLcBGAs/s1600/Harle%2By%2B7353.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1273" data-original-width="1065" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ccp4GjoRkUE/WpQlIiuborI/AAAAAAAAADs/igf6_nDoHNg0GY5uYTW7iksgeUnlhPyWgCLcBGAs/s640/Harle%2By%2B7353.jpg" width="532" /></a></div>
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<br />Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-58184127054942422782018-02-18T10:19:00.000-08:002018-02-18T10:20:28.774-08:00The Calais Letterbook of William Lord Hastings<br />
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A couple of weeks ago I attended a fascinating seminar at
the IHR presented by Ed Meek on the topic of his recent book: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Calais Letterbook of William Lord
Hastings (1477) and Late Medieval Crisis Diplomacy 1477-83</i>. Some of the research as well as the publication of this exciting contribution to our understanding of Richard III’s age was funded
by the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust (which was founded by the Richard
III Society in 1984). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<o:p><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-h3FZIIjpHjk/WonC4MJb_OI/AAAAAAAAADc/OWI_UePDaMsaZGGYxvGTa5hz0hePwYcTACLcBGAs/s1600/image1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1065" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-h3FZIIjpHjk/WonC4MJb_OI/AAAAAAAAADc/OWI_UePDaMsaZGGYxvGTa5hz0hePwYcTACLcBGAs/s320/image1.jpeg" width="213" /></a></o:p></div>
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<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
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The letterbook of the title is a severely damaged manuscript
that is now housed in the Huntingdon Library, California. It is a record of
William Lord Hastings’s French correspondence between April and September 1477,
a crucial period in England’s relations with the continent in the aftermath of
Charles the Bold’s death. Meek has provided both a transcription and
translation as well as a detailed introduction interpreting the significance of
the letters. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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He explained that the manuscript has occasionally been used
by other historians. However, he argued that its importance for our
understanding of English policy has not been fully realised. For one thing, we
should not accept Cora Scofield’s influential interpretation that Edward IV and
Hastings were at odds at this time. On the contrary what comes through most
strongly about Lord Hastings from these letters is his very deep loyalty to Edward
IV. I came away fully persuaded that the manuscript provides both a vivid
glimpse into a crucial moment in English politics and intriguing insight into
the perennially controversial Lord Hastings. The book has been published by the
Richard III and Yorkist History Trust and is available from Amazon or on <a href="https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/391960346240?ul_noapp=true" target="_blank">ebay</a>
at £35. There will be a special discount for members of the Richard III Society:
see the March 2018 edition of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Ricardian Bulletin</i> for further details. <o:p></o:p></div>
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J L Laynesmith</div>
Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-12317942072409838582018-01-12T15:30:00.000-08:002018-01-15T03:12:55.138-08:00A rare Richard III half angel coin found and auctioned<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">A
rare half angel coin dating from Richard III’s reign was located recently by a
metal detectorist in a farmer’s field a few miles from the battlefield of
Bosworth. This has given rise to speculation that it may have been lost by a
soldier who fought at the battle.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Only
a few examples of half angels survive from the king’s reign. They were a gold coin first minted by Edward
IV, and were worth 6s 8d, that is half a mark. In size they were about 2cms or
just over ¾ inch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
half angel was not a coin likely to be seen or used by most of the
population. The average skilled labourer
might get 4d to 6d per day in this period, about 2 shillings per week or a
maximum of £5 per year if he worked every possible day. The cost of his staple
food and drink, that is bread and ale, would take most of this if he had to
feed a family from his wages. Ale could be bought for about 1d per gallon, (or two
pints for a farthing) and a loaf of medium quality for a 1d. The size of the
loaf varied according to the price of grain. It has been calculated that these
figures would allow a family to buy enough food to sustain themselves but even
so at these prices a labourer could only feed his family without (usually)
having money left over. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
coin thus represents a significant amount of money. Whoever dropped it and
however they had come by it they would have been seriously upset to have lost
it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
coin was auctioned in London on the 13<sup>th</sup> December 2017 by Dix Noonan
Webb, the international coins, medals and jewellery specialists, and was
expected to fetch up to £15,000. In the
event it was sold for £40,800 to a private collector based in the United States. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_rcQon7qgu0/WllDTkmVAyI/AAAAAAAAAC8/KemyiGPvYWE2Go6t5DafbHfnBFGsE_SzwCLcBGAs/s1600/Richard%2BIII%2BHalf%2BAngel%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1576" data-original-width="1513" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_rcQon7qgu0/WllDTkmVAyI/AAAAAAAAAC8/KemyiGPvYWE2Go6t5DafbHfnBFGsE_SzwCLcBGAs/s320/Richard%2BIII%2BHalf%2BAngel%2B1.jpg" width="305" /></a><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ut0LNix2eWM/WlyLXz5QZPI/AAAAAAAAADM/lJroHwkHlVcZ_4MkMPSVbTAFip90WjZdgCLcBGAs/s1600/Richard%2BIII%2BHalf%2BAngel%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1576" data-original-width="1560" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ut0LNix2eWM/WlyLXz5QZPI/AAAAAAAAADM/lJroHwkHlVcZ_4MkMPSVbTAFip90WjZdgCLcBGAs/s320/Richard%2BIII%2BHalf%2BAngel%2B2.jpg" width="316" /></a></div>
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Images courtesy of and copyright to Dix Noonan Webb</div>
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1. The face of the coin has an image of the Archangel Saint
Michael slaying a dragon, the legend inscribed with ‘RICARD:DI:GRΛ:REX
ANGL.’ (Richard, by the Grace of God,
King of England)<o:p></o:p></div>
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2.The reverse shows an image of an English galley with the
monogram 'R’ and a rose set below the main topmast, the ship surmounted by a
shield bearing the king’s arms, the
legend inscribed ‘O CRUX AVE SPES UNICA' (Hail the cross our only hope) <o:p></o:p></div>
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Both sides have the boar mint mark just past the 12 o'clock
point. <o:p></o:p></div>
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John Saunders and Peter Hammond</div>
Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-11283133403573463622017-12-01T01:26:00.001-08:002017-12-01T01:26:44.275-08:00Itineraries<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-09Dwsc7jtRM/WiEfoE14MqI/AAAAAAAAACk/Xuenw0aeQDAV4jjMiiX4L83_rdszShY3wCLcBGAs/s1600/Jean%2Bduc%2Bde%2BBerry%2Bon%2Ba%2Bjourney.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="925" data-original-width="641" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-09Dwsc7jtRM/WiEfoE14MqI/AAAAAAAAACk/Xuenw0aeQDAV4jjMiiX4L83_rdszShY3wCLcBGAs/s320/Jean%2Bduc%2Bde%2BBerry%2Bon%2Ba%2Bjourney.png" width="221" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
John Ashdown-Hill has now finished updating his itinerary of Edward IV and this can be found at<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; text-decoration-line: underline;">https://www.amberley-books.com</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"></wbr><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; text-decoration-line: underline;">/community-john-ashdown-hill</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span>
Meanwhile, the Research Committee are looking to develop an itinerary for Richard III for the period 1452-1483, building on work by the late Lesley Boatwright, a much-missed former member of the Research Committee and a former editor of the Bulletin. The first draft of this will soon be on the Society's website. We would be grateful if you could send any additions to that version to the committee via research.officer@richardiii.net with as much detail as possible about the original source of your information.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Belles Heures du duc de Berry f.223v, Wikimedia Commons)</span>Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-54048450796979714642017-09-23T09:21:00.001-07:002017-09-23T09:30:00.331-07:00The Ultimate Nuncupative Will<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z6pASipX9nw/WcaJ7u-n5-I/AAAAAAAAACU/H0nsI2cifp4nwzAlvelEOhmRkp2LJq-0wCLcBGAs/s1600/Royal%2BC%2B20%2BVII%2Bf%2B11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="383" height="298" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z6pASipX9nw/WcaJ7u-n5-I/AAAAAAAAACU/H0nsI2cifp4nwzAlvelEOhmRkp2LJq-0wCLcBGAs/s320/Royal%2BC%2B20%2BVII%2Bf%2B11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
(Death bed scene from Richard III's copy of <i>The Chronicles of France </i>BL Royal 20 C VII f. 11)<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A group of Society members are currently transcribing
(and translating where necessary) the wills in the ‘Milles’ Probate Register from
the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (PCC).
The ‘Milles’ wills were granted probate during the years 1487 to 1491. The
register includes a handful of nuncupative wills, that is, wills that were
dictated by the testator on their deathbed in front of witnesses and written
down afterwards. One of them is what you
might call the ultimate nuncupative will: the testator was barely able to speak
and simply muttered ‘Ye’ (‘yes’/’yea’) to a series of questions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In early July 1488 the unfortunate Nicholas
Goldwyn suddenly fell ill and lost the power of clear speech. His wife Margery called in their parish priest,
Sir John Haynes,<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Milles%20Blog%20The%20ultimate%20%20nuncupative%20will.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> the
parson of Woolwich, so that Nicholas could be enabled to make his will in case
he should die soon. Presumably Margery did this with her husband’s prior
consent. On 8 July his will was drawn up, following a meeting during which Sir
John asked Nicholas five questions with which a basic will and testament could
be framed, and to each question Nicholas answered ‘Ye’. The resultant will is a record of this
interrogation; if any questions were asked that got ‘no’ for an answer, they
were not recorded. The essence of the will is its brevity.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Milles%20Blog%20The%20ultimate%20%20nuncupative%20will.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> The
Goldwyns had three children, William, Johanne and Katheryn, with another child
on the way, so Margery’s anxiety to have Nicholas put his affairs in order is
understandable. Question 1 concerned the settlement of the goods and lands of
Nicholas. Would Nicholas have his lands
shared evenly between his son William and the baby, if it were a boy, after the
death of Margery? Question 2 concerned the daughters. Were they each to have £40? Question 3
concerned the unborn baby. If this baby
were a girl, should she have £40 too? Question 4 concerned Nicholas’s brother-in-law,
John Cowper, who owed Nicholas money.
Would Nicholas remit half of this debt, for charity’s sake? Question 5
identified executors. Was Margery to be
his executrix? Nicholas agreed to all
five questions. There was a sixth
question, raised by Margery. She wanted
Nicholas to agree that Sir John should be her co-executor, and Nicholas duly concurred.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Unlike many wills, there is no elaboration
regarding the form of the funeral service or where Nicholas should be buried;
no indication of where his lands lay or what goods he owned; nor when the
daughters were to receive their money.
There were four witnesses present: John Cowper (the brother-in-law),
James Clerk, Agnes Giles and someone called Ason (perhaps Alison) Fox. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When the will was proved in the PCC, Sir John
expressly refused to act as co-executor.
Perhaps he felt that if he did so he would run the risk of being charged
with abusing his office, given the incapacity of his parishioner at the time,
even though there were witnesses. One
can only guess what Margery thought of his refusal after she had particularly
asked her husband to make Sir John her co-executor. Nevertheless, on 28 July 1488 she was granted
the administration of the will. One
hopes she bore the baby successfully and that her friends and relations
supported her during that bleak time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What killed Nicholas? Lockjaw, alias tetanus, is a strong candidate
for his killer. If t</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">he
bacteria that cause tetanus (<i>Clostridium
tetani</i>) enter the body through a wound, they can quickly multiply and
release a toxin that affects the nerves, causing symptoms such as muscle
stiffness and spasms, including lockjaw.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Milles%20Blog%20The%20ultimate%20%20nuncupative%20will.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span> Nowadays people are immunized against tetanus
with a series of injections during childhood; in 1488 Nicholas Goldywn would
have had little chance of survival.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; text-align: right;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Heather
Falvey and Jan Mulrenan</span></b><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Milles%20Blog%20The%20ultimate%20%20nuncupative%20will.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> ‘Sir’ was a courtesy title given
to a parish priest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Milles%20Blog%20The%20ultimate%20%20nuncupative%20will.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> TNA, PROB 11/8/229. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Downloads/Milles%20Blog%20The%20ultimate%20%20nuncupative%20will.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Tetanus/Pages/Introduction.aspx</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-1165672764268024502017-06-04T13:44:00.000-07:002017-06-04T13:48:29.579-07:00The Context of the Kirby Muxloe Brooch<div class="MsoNormal">
May 2017 proved a good month for news of rediscovered
fifteenth-century treasures. Shortly after the emergence of the Caxton leaf,
<a href="http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/metal-detectorist-discovered-precious-war-of-the-roses-brooch-at-leicestershire-landmark/story-30338080-detail/story.html" target="_blank">reports</a> appeared about a treasure from Kirby Muxloe Castle that is due to be auctioned
this August. It’s a gold, heart-shaped brooch that was discovered by a metal
detectorist near the castle moat last year. It is inlaid with white enamel but
what has caught the attention of reporters is the engraving inside of tiny
flowers and the words ‘honor et joie’. It is being presented as a romantic gift
from the castle’s most famous inhabitant, William Lord Hastings, to his wife
Katherine Neville, who was one of Warwick the Kingmaker’s sisters.</div>
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Of course, determining the context of a piece of jewellery
is no easy task. In 1866, as a railway was being cut through the outskirts of
Clare Castle in Suffolk, an exquisite gold reliquary <a href="https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/69738/clare-reliquary" target="_blank">crucifix</a>, set with pearls,
was discovered. At first it was believed to be of fourteenth-century origin and
attempts were made to identify it with members of Edward III’s family. Only
later did experts decide it was really an early fifteenth century treasure.
Similarly, the more famous <a href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/medieval/middleham-jewel" target="_blank">Middleham Jewel</a>, discovered in 1985, has been
associated with various dates from 1425 to 1499.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It is even more difficult to suggest who might really have
owned such treasures. The Clare Reliquary is widely associated with Richard III’s
mother, Cecily duchess of York, who was the lady of Clare Castle for most of
the fifteenth century. Yet her sister-in-law, Isabel Bourchier, famously held a
Twelfth Night party at the castle in 1445 and any number of wealthy noblewomen
must have walked through the castle’s tranquil riverside grounds during the
fifteenth century. The Middleham Jewel is also often associated with Cecily
(despite her minimal connections with Middleham) or, more plausibly, with
Richard III’s wife, Anne Neville. Yet it is large enough to have belonged to a
man and might just as easily have belonged to Anne’s mother or grandmother. Indeed,
a case could be made that its first owner was Anne’s great grandmother
(Cecily’s mother), Joan Beaufort, countess of Westmorland who bequeathed a
great jewel called ‘the Trinity’ to Richard, earl of Salisbury (and lord of
Middleham).<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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So what of the owner of the Kirby Muxloe Brooch? The press
releases offer it as a romantic ‘sweetheart brooch’ from Lord Hastings to his
wife. Yet few men in the fifteenth-century have such a licentious reputation as
Hastings: Mancini recorded that he was ‘an accomplice and a partner’ in Edward
IV’s ‘privy pleasures’, and he located the origin of Hastings’s feud with the
marquis of Dorset in squabbles over their shared mistresses. The <i>Great
Chronicle of London</i> numbers Elizabeth (Jane) Shore among his lovers. If the
brooch really was a gift from Hastings to Katherine it is hard to imagine it as
the product of a charming love story in turbulent times. Hastings had surely
chosen his bride for her political connections rather than for love and David
Baldwin referred to her as a ‘reward’ from Edward IV for Hastings’s loyalty in
1461.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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Could the brooch have been for a mistress? The secret motto
seems rather inappropriate for that, although Hastings’s confidence in his own
position might just have led him to imagine a mistress felt honoured by his
attentions. There must of course have been many other ladies who visited the
castle, or the previous manor house on the same site. Nonetheless, the very
short history of the castle as a residence does mean that Katherine Neville
remains the brooch's most likely owner.<o:p></o:p><br />
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Neither the design nor the motto on the brooch are any guide to help with identification since the same motto appears on a number of late medieval rings that have been found across the country over the years. Interestingly several of these seem to have been religious rather than secular tokens: one of them was found in in the tomb of Archbishop Bowet of York (d 1423) and two have <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1321304001&objectId=45637&partId=1" target="_blank">engravings of saints </a>including the Virgin Mary on their bezels.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Brooches engraved with or shaped as hearts look to have been very common in the later middle ages. Perhaps the most famous is the <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=43740&partId=1&searchText=fishpool+hoard+heart&page=1" target="_blank">blue and gold enamelled </a>heart from the Fishpool Hoard (probably buried 1463-4) but around 50 have apparently been found along the Thames foreshore alone.<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> </div>
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<img alt="File:Medieval , Finger ring (FindID 230884).jpg" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Medieval_%2C_Finger_ring_%28FindID_230884%29.jpg/531px-Medieval_%2C_Finger_ring_%28FindID_230884%29.jpg" width="283" /><img alt="Portable Antiquities Scheme logo.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme_logo.jpg" /></div>
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Fifteenth century gold ring engraved with the words 'honur et joie' (more details <a href="https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/230884" target="_blank">here</a>)</div>
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It
is striking that the auctioneers have set the guide price for the Kirby Muxloe
brooch at just £6,000-£8,000. That is a tiny fraction of the value of that one
leaf of paper from the book that Caxton had sold ‘good chepe’ at about the same
time that the brooch must have adorned a noblewoman’s gown.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->J L Laynesmith<br />
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
For more on the Clare Reliquary Cross and Joan Beaufort’s jewellery, see J L
Laynesmith, <i>Cecily duchess of York</i> (2017), 141-2.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For more on Katherine Neville see David Baldwin, <i>The Kingmaker’s Sisters</i> (2009)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<i>Lincolnshire History and Archaeology</i> 16 (1981), 83<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/CEX/Documents/Richard%20III%20Society/Summer%202017/Kirby%20Muxloe%20brooch.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Roberta Gilchrist, <i>Medieval Life: Archaeology and the Life Course </i>(2013), 110</div>
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Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-73242560745413938412017-06-04T13:10:00.000-07:002017-09-23T09:22:48.102-07:00Invitation to Contribute to John Ashdown-Hill's Itinerary of Edward IV<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52dfa8e7e4b08087771ed979/t/579f5e03d2b857c8512e4f64/1470062132773/?format=300w" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52dfa8e7e4b08087771ed979/t/579f5e03d2b857c8512e4f64/1470062132773/?format=300w" width="136" /></a>In his book <i>The
Private Life of Edward IV</i> John Ashdown-Hill recently published a simplified
(monthly) version of his research on that king’s itinerary. However, the
detailed (daily) version has been put up online by his publishers and can be
downloaded as a pdf file.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/media/wysiwyg/The_Full_Itinerary_of_Edward_IV_by_John_Ashdown-Hill_-_updated.pdf">https://www.amberley-books.com/media/wysiwyg/The_Full_Itinerary_of_Edward_IV_by_John_Ashdown-Hill_-_updated.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>OR</i>
The latest version of this with up dates can be found on <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.amberley-books.com/community-john-ashdown-hill">https://www.amberley-books.com/community-john-ashdown-hill</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Help with the identification of some medieval place names
has already been received (and added to the text), and further updates to the
itinerary can be <a href="mailto:Louis-john@live.co.uk" target="_blank">emailed</a> to John, and would be very welcome.<o:p></o:p></div>
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From John Ashdown-Hill</div>
Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4670480921313156022.post-77610068723497393632017-05-13T07:47:00.000-07:002017-05-13T07:51:36.589-07:00Caxton Print Discovered at the University of Reading<div class="MsoNormal">
On Tuesday, I received an email from the <i>Ricardian Bulletin</i> editor, John Saunders, drawing my attention to <a href="http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR725199.aspx" target="_blank">news reports </a>about a fifteenth-century leaf of paper that was about to go on
display at the Museum of English Rural Life in Reading, just round the corner
from my home. </div>
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Why had one ancient piece of paper just hit the news? Because it
is part of one of the first books printed by William Caxton in England and no
other copy of this page has survived. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Later that morning I cycled over to the museum, only to
learn that they had been so inundated with interested phone calls that they had
not actually had time to put it on display. It is rather lovely that the
discovery of a single fragment of an old book can excite so much attention. On
Thursday morning, I found the museum an altogether calmer place and was able to
examine the page (in its glass case) and some related exhibits in tranquility.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I’ve been asked to write a short piece on it for the next
edition of the <i>Bulletin</i>, but it is
only on display at the museum until 30 May. So, for anyone thinking of heading
over to take a look, here are the headline details:<o:p></o:p></div>
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It’s not much bigger than a page of a modern paperback. The
print is beautifully crafted to look like fine fifteenth-century handwriting. Red
initials have been added in by hand after it was printed which makes it look
very much like a manuscript.</div>
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It was found among the 20,000 items illustrating the history
of printing and graphic design that make up the John and Griselda Lewis
Collection in the University of Reading’s Special Collections. It is a page
from the <i>Sarum Ordinal</i> (a priest’s
handbook) that was printed by William Caxton in 1476 or 1477. Most copies were
discarded at the Reformation so this fragment only survived because it was
re-used to reinforce the spine of another book.</div>
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Although only one other fragment of Caxton’s version of the
Ordinal seems to have survived, the volume is famous because it is the subject
of<a href="http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/s/yrz16n" target="_blank"> the earliest known printed advertisement in England.</a> That advertisement is
in the Bodleian library and it invites buyers to come to Caxton’s shop, the
’reed pale’ at the almonry in Westminster, where they could buy the ordinal
‘good chepe’. Now the single leaf on display has been valued at up to £100,000.<o:p></o:p></div>
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J L Laynesmith</div>
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<img alt="File:Caxton device.png" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Caxton_device.png/505px-Caxton_device.png" /></div>
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Caxton's Device, from Wikimedia Commons</div>
Research committeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09860749987325698495noreply@blogger.com